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P2 2024 Jan Q1

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2024 Jan Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

f(x)=ax3+3x2−8x+2f(x)=ax^3+3x^2-8x+2 \quad where aa is a constant

Given that when f(x)f(x) is divided by (x−2)(x-2) the remainder is 33, find the value of aa.

(3)
题目中文翻译

f(x)=ax3+3x2−8x+2f(x)=ax^3+3x^2-8x+2,其中 aa 为常数。

已知 f(x)f(x) 除以 (x−2)(x-2) 的余数为 33,求 aa 的值。

(3分)

解答

解法一

思路

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除以 x−2x-2 的余数就是 f(2)f(2)。题目说余数是 33,所以直接令 f(2)=3f(2)=3。

答题过程

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By the remainder theorem,

f(2)= 3a(2)3+3(2)2−8(2)+2= 38a+12−16+2= 38a−2= 38a= 5a= 58.\begin{align*} f(2)=&\,3\\ a(2)^3+3(2)^2-8(2)+2=&\,3\\ 8a+12-16+2=&\,3\\ 8a-2=&\,3\\ 8a=&\,5\\ a=&\,\frac58. \end{align*}

Therefore,

a=58.\begin{align*} a=\frac58. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以把余数条件改写成:f(x)−3f(x)-3 被 x−2x-2 整除。这样 x=2x=2 是 f(x)−3f(x)-3 的根,代入后同样得到 aa。

答题过程

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Since the remainder is 33, the expression f(x)−3f(x)-3 is divisible by (x−2)(x-2).

So x=2x=2 is a root of f(x)−3f(x)-3:

f(2)−3= 0(a(2)3+3(2)2−8(2)+2)−3= 08a+12−16+2−3= 08a−5= 0a= 58.\begin{align*} f(2)-3 =&\, 0\\ \bigg(a(2)^3+3(2)^2-8(2)+2\bigg)-3 =&\, 0\\ 8a+12-16+2-3 =&\, 0\\ 8a-5 =&\, 0\\ a =&\, \frac58. \end{align*}

解法三

思路

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通过待定系数法(inspection)。如果 f(x)−3f(x)-3 能被 x−2x-2 整除,可设商式为二次多项式 ax2+px+qax^2+px+q。对比常数项可以快速求出 qq,再通过一次项与二次项系数求出 aa。

答题过程

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Since f(x)−3f(x)-3 is divisible by (x−2)(x-2), we can write:

f(x)−3=(x−2)(ax2+px+q)\begin{align*} f(x)-3 = (x-2)(ax^2+px+q) \end{align*}

Substitute f(x)=ax3+3x2−8x+2f(x) = ax^3+3x^2-8x+2:

 ax3+3x2−8x−1= ax3+(p−2a)x2+(q−2p)x−2q\begin{align*} &\,ax^3+3x^2-8x-1\\ =&\,ax^3+(p-2a)x^2+(q-2p)x-2q \end{align*}

Comparing the constant terms on both sides:

−2q=−1  ⟹  q=12\begin{align*} -2q = -1 \implies q = \frac12 \end{align*}

Comparing the coefficients of x2x^2:

p−2a=3  ⟹  p=2a+3\begin{align*} p-2a = 3 \implies p = 2a+3 \end{align*}

Comparing the coefficients of xx:

q−2p= −812−2(2a+3)= −812−4a−6= −8−4a= −2.5a= 58.\begin{align*} q-2p =&\,-8\\ \frac12 - 2(2a+3) =&\,-8\\ \frac12 - 4a - 6 =&\,-8\\ -4a =&\,-2.5\\ a =&\, \frac58. \end{align*}

Therefore, the value of aa is 58\frac{5}{8}.

解法四

思路

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直接长除以 x−2x-2,依次求出三个商项,最后把余数设为 3。

答题过程

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Subtract ax2(x−2)ax^2(x-2) first:

f(x)−ax2(x−2)=(3+2a)x2−8x+2.f(x)-ax^2(x-2)=(3+2a)x^2-8x+2.

Subtract (3+2a)x(x−2)(3+2a)x(x-2) next:

 (3+2a)x2−8x+2 −(3+2a)x(x−2)= (4a−2)x+2.\begin{align*} &\,(3+2a)x^2-8x+2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-(3+2a)x(x-2)\\ =&\,(4a-2)x+2. \end{align*}

Finally subtract (4a−2)(x−2)(4a-2)(x-2):

 (4a−2)x+2−(4a−2)(x−2)= 8a−2.\begin{align*} &\,(4a-2)x+2-(4a-2)(x-2)\\ =&\,8a-2. \end{align*}

The remainder is 3, so

8a−2=3⟹a=58.8a-2=3 \quad\Longrightarrow\quad \boxed{a=\frac58}.