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P2 2024 Jan Q6

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2024 Jan Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

(a) Given that

2log⁡4(x+3)+log⁡4x=log⁡4(4x+2)+122\log_4(x+3)+\log_4x=\log_4(4x+2)+\frac12

show that

x3+6x2+x−4=0x^3+6x^2+x-4=0
(4)

(b) Given also that −1-1 is a root of the equation

x3+6x2+x−4=0x^3+6x^2+x-4=0

(i) use algebra to find the other two roots of the equation.

(3)

(ii) Hence solve

2log⁡4(x+3)+log⁡4x=log⁡4(4x+2)+122\log_4(x+3)+\log_4x=\log_4(4x+2)+\frac12
(1)
题目中文翻译

(a) 已知

2log⁡4(x+3)+log⁡4x=log⁡4(4x+2)+12,2\log_4(x+3)+\log_4x =\log_4(4x+2)+\frac12,

证明

x3+6x2+x−4=0.x^3+6x^2+x-4=0.

(4分)

(b) 又已知 −1-1 是方程 x3+6x2+x−4=0x^3+6x^2+x-4=0 的一个根,

(i) 用代数方法求另外两个根。

(3分)

(ii) 由此解方程

2log⁡4(x+3)+log⁡4x=log⁡4(4x+2)+12.2\log_4(x+3)+\log_4x =\log_4(4x+2)+\frac12.

(1分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

先把 2log⁡4(x+3)2\log_4(x+3) 写成 log⁡4((x+3)2)\log_4((x+3)^2),再把 12\frac12 写成 log⁡42\log_4 2。这样两边都可以合并成一个对数。

答题过程

展开

The logarithms require x>0x>0 (which also makes x+3x+3 and 4x+24x+2 positive). Start with

2log⁡4(x+3)+log⁡4x=log⁡4(4x+2)+12.2\log_4(x+3)+\log_4x =\log_4(4x+2)+\frac12.

Using 2log⁡4(x+3)=log⁡4((x+3)2)2\log_4(x+3)=\log_4((x+3)^2) and 12=log⁡42\frac12=\log_4 2,

log⁡4((x+3)2)+log⁡4x=log⁡4(4x+2)+log⁡42.\log_4((x+3)^2)+\log_4x =\log_4(4x+2)+\log_4 2.

So

log⁡4(x(x+3)2)=log⁡4(2(4x+2)).\log_4\bigg(x(x+3)^2\bigg) =\log_4(2(4x+2)).

Hence

x(x+3)2= 2(4x+2)x(x2+6x+9)= 8x+4x3+6x2+9x= 8x+4x3+6x2+x−4= 0.\begin{align*} x(x+3)^2 =&\, 2(4x+2)\\ x(x^2+6x+9) =&\, 8x+4\\ x^3+6x^2+9x =&\, 8x+4\\ x^3+6x^2+x-4 =&\, 0. \end{align*}

This is the required result.

解法二

思路

展开

使用对数定义移项合并法。将所有含对数的项移项到左边,利用对数的性质合并为一个对数式,然后根据对数定义(log⁡bN=c  ⟺  N=bc\log_b N = c \iff N = b^c)去掉对数符号求解。

答题过程

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Rearrange the equation to group all logarithm terms on the left:

2log⁡4(x+3)+log⁡4x−log⁡4(4x+2)=12\begin{align*} 2\log_4(x+3)+\log_4x-\log_4(4x+2) = \frac12 \end{align*}

Apply the laws of logarithms:

log⁡4(x+3)2+log⁡4x−log⁡4(4x+2)= 12log⁡4(x(x+3)24x+2)= 12\begin{align*} \log_4(x+3)^2+\log_4x-\log_4(4x+2) =&\, \frac12\\ \log_4 \bigg( \frac{x(x+3)^2}{4x+2} \bigg) =&\, \frac12 \end{align*}

By the definition of a logarithm:

x(x+3)24x+2= 41/2x(x+3)24x+2= 2x(x+3)2= 2(4x+2)x(x2+6x+9)= 8x+4x3+6x2+9x= 8x+4x3+6x2+x−4= 0.\begin{align*} \frac{x(x+3)^2}{4x+2} =&\, 4^{1/2}\\ \frac{x(x+3)^2}{4x+2} =&\, 2\\ x(x+3)^2 =&\, 2(4x+2)\\ x(x^2+6x+9) =&\, 8x+4\\ x^3+6x^2+9x =&\, 8x+4\\ x^3+6x^2+x-4 =&\, 0. \end{align*}

This is the required result.

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

−1-1 是根,所以 (x+1)(x+1) 是因式。把三次式除以 (x+1)(x+1),再解剩下的二次方程。

答题过程

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Since −1-1 is a root, (x+1)(x+1) is a factor.

Divide x3+6x2+x−4x^3+6x^2+x-4 by (x+1)(x+1):

Subtract x2(x+1)x^2(x+1), then 5x(x+1)5x(x+1):

 x3+6x2+x−4−x2(x+1)= 5x2+x−4, 5x2+x−4−5x(x+1)= −4x−4.\begin{align*} &\,x^3+6x^2+x-4-x^2(x+1)\\ =&\,5x^2+x-4,\\ &\,5x^2+x-4-5x(x+1)\\ =&\,-4x-4. \end{align*}

The final quotient term is −4-4, since −4(x+1)=−4x−4-4(x+1)=-4x-4. Hence

x3+6x2+x−4=(x+1)(x2+5x−4).x^3+6x^2+x-4=(x+1)(x^2+5x-4).

Now solve

x2+5x−4=0.\begin{align*} x^2+5x-4=0. \end{align*}

Using the quadratic formula,

x= −5±52−4(1)(−4)2= −5±25+162= −5±412.\begin{align*} x=&\,\frac{-5\pm\sqrt{5^2-4(1)(-4)}}{2}\\ =&\,\frac{-5\pm\sqrt{25+16}}{2}\\ =&\,\frac{-5\pm\sqrt{41}}{2}. \end{align*}

So the other two roots are

−5+412and−5−412.\frac{-5+\sqrt{41}}{2} \quad\text{and}\quad \frac{-5-\sqrt{41}}{2}.

等价地,也可对二次商配方:

x2+5x−4=0   ⟺  (x+52)2=414   ⟺  x=−5±412.\begin{align*} x^2+5x-4=0 &\,\iff \bigg(x+\frac52\bigg)^2=\frac{41}{4}\\ &\,\iff x=\frac{-5\pm\sqrt{41}}2. \end{align*}

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

原来的对数方程要求 x>0x>0。三个根中只有 −5+412\frac{-5+\sqrt{41}}2 是正数。

答题过程

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For the logarithmic equation, x>0x>0 is required.

The roots of the cubic are

−1,−5+412,−5−412.\begin{align*} -1,\quad \frac{-5+\sqrt{41}}{2},\quad \frac{-5-\sqrt{41}}{2}. \end{align*}

Only one of these is positive, so

x=−5+412.\begin{align*} x=\frac{-5+\sqrt{41}}{2}. \end{align*}