题目
Problem
In this question you must show all stages of your working.
Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.
(i) The table below shows values of x and y, where y=log10(x+5), for x values between −1 and 4
| x | y=log10(x+5) |
|---|
| −1 | log104 |
| 0 | log105 |
| 1 | log106 |
| 2 | log107 |
| 3 | log108 |
| 4 | log109 |
Using the trapezium rule with all the y values in the given table, show that
∫−14log10(x+5)dx≈log10k
where k is an integer to be found.
(3)
(ii) Find the value of a such that
2log5(5−a)−log5(a+25)=1
(5)
题目中文翻译
本题必须展示所有计算步骤。完全依赖计算器技术的解答不可接受。
(i) 当 x 在 −1 与 4 之间时,下表给出 y=log10(x+5) 的值:
| x | y=log10(x+5) |
|---|
| −1 | log104 |
| 0 | log105 |
| 1 | log106 |
| 2 | log107 |
| 3 | log108 |
| 4 | log109 |
使用表中的所有 y 值和梯形法则,证明
∫−14log10(x+5)dx≈log10k,
其中 k 是待求的整数。(3分)
(ii) 求满足下式的 a:
2log5(5−a)−log5(a+25)=1.
(5分)
解答
(i)
解法一
思路
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步长为 1,梯形权重是两端各一次、中间各两次。先令两端对数之和为 E、中间对数之和为 B,合并时仍展示全部表值,避免提前用小数近似。
答题过程
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The step size is h=1. Define
E=B=log104+log109,log105+log106+log107+log108.
Using every table value, the trapezium rule gives
≈∫−14log10(x+5)dx21(E+2B).
By the logarithm laws,
E=B==log10(4⋅9)=log1036,log10(5⋅6⋅7⋅8)log101680.
Thus
21(E+2B)=====21log1036+log101680log1036+log101680log106+log101680log10(6⋅1680)log1010080.
Therefore k=10080.
逐个梯形求和也会产生相同的两端一次、中间两次权重,不需另写重复方法。
(ii)
解法一
思路
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先写出原对数的定义域,再用幂法则与商法则合并。将 1 写成 log55 后比较真数。注意平方在对数的真数内部,最后仍要筛根。
答题过程
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The original logarithms require
5−a>0,a+25>0,
so −25<a<5.
Using the logarithm laws and 1=log55:
=log5((5−a)2)−log5(a+25)log55.
Hence
log5(a+25(5−a)2)=a+25(5−a)2=log55,5.
Therefore
(5−a)2=a2−10a+25=a2−15a−100=(a−20)(a+5)=5(a+25),5a+125,0,0.
Thus a=20 or a=−5. Reject 20, since it is outside −25<a<5.
The only valid solution is a=−5.
也可以先移项合并右侧的对数:
2log5(5−a)=log5((5−a)2)=log5(a+25)+log55,log5(5(a+25)).
同样得到 (5−a)2=5(a+25),后续二次式和筛根相同。
解法二
思路
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不把 1 改写成对数;合并左侧后直接使用对数定义,转为真数等于 51。仍先保留原式定义域。
答题过程
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The original logarithms require −25<a<5.
Apply the power and quotient laws:
2log5(5−a)−log5(a+25)=1,log5((5−a)2)−log5(a+25)=1,log5(a+25(5−a)2)=1.
By the definition of a logarithm,
a+25(5−a)2=(5−a)2=a2−10a+25=a2−15a−100=(a−20)(a+5)=51,5(a+25),5a+125,0,0.
The possible roots are 20 and −5. Only −5 lies in −25<a<5, so a=−5.