题目
Problem
(i) A student states
“If x and y are irrational numbers, x=y, then xy is also irrational.”
Show, by counter example, that this statement is not always true.
(1)
(ii) Prove, using algebra, that for all odd integers n, the value of the expression
n3+3n+2
is always even but never a multiple of 4
(4)
题目中文翻译
(i) 一名学生声称:“如果 x 和 y 都是无理数,且 x=y,那么 xy 也是无理数。”
用反例说明这句话并不总是正确。(1分)
(ii) 用代数方法证明:对所有奇整数 n,
n3+3n+2
总是偶数,但从不为 4 的倍数。(4分)
解答
(i)
解法一
思路
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反例只需要找一组不同的无理数,使乘积变成有理数。常用想法是用根号数相乘。
答题过程
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Let
x=2,y=8.
Then x and y are irrational and x=y.
But
xy===28164,
which is rational.
Therefore, the statement is not always true.
(ii)
解法一
思路
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任意奇数都可写成 2k+1。代入后要说明结果是 4 的倍数再加 2,所以一定是偶数,但不能被 4 整除。
答题过程
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Let
n=2k+1,
where k is an integer.
Then
n3+3n+2====(2k+1)3+3(2k+1)+28k3+12k2+6k+1+6k+3+28k3+12k2+12k+64(2k3+3k2+3k+1)+2.
This expression is 4 times an integer plus 2.
Therefore it is even, but it leaves a remainder of 2 when divided by 4, so it is never a multiple of 4.
采用 n=2k−1 也有 n3+3n+2=4(2k3−3k2+3k−1)+2,仍是相同的代入展开法;无需另写重复证明。