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P2 2025 May A Q4

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2025 May A Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

Figure 1 shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation

y=log⁡3(x+1)−log⁡3xy=\log_3(x+1)-\log_3x

The point P(a,4)P(a,4) lies on the curve.

(a) Find the exact value of the constant aa.

(Solutions relying on calculator technology are not acceptable.)

(4)

(b) Use the trapezium rule with 44 strips of equal width to estimate the value of

∫15(log⁡3(x+1)−log⁡3x) dx\int_1^5(\log_3(x+1)-\log_3x)\,\mathrm{d}x

giving the answer in the form log⁡3k\log_3 k, where kk is a constant to be found.

(4)

(c) Explain how the trapezium rule could be used to obtain a more accurate estimate for

∫15(log⁡3(x+1)−log⁡3x) dx\int_1^5(\log_3(x+1)-\log_3x)\,\mathrm{d}x
(1)
题目中文翻译

图1是方程为

y=log⁡3(x+1)−log⁡3xy=\log_3(x+1)-\log_3x

的曲线的一部分示意图。

点 P(a,4)P(a,4) 在曲线上。

(a) 求常数 aa 的精确值。

(依赖计算器技术的解答不予接受。)

(4)

(b) 用梯形法,将区间分成 44 条等宽条带,估计

∫15(log⁡3(x+1)−log⁡3x) dx\int_1^5\big(\log_3(x+1)-\log_3x\big)\,\mathrm{d}x

的值。答案写成 log⁡3k\log_3 k 的形式,其中常数 kk 的值待求。

(4)

(c) 说明如何使用梯形法,得到

∫15(log⁡3(x+1)−log⁡3x) dx\int_1^5\big(\log_3(x+1)-\log_3x\big)\,\mathrm{d}x

的更准确估计值。

(1)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

点 P(a,4)P(a,4) 在曲线上,所以把 x=ax=a,y=4y=4 代入。再用对数减法公式合并。

答题过程

展开

The logarithms require a>0a>0. Since P(a,4)P(a,4) lies on the curve,

log⁡3(a+1)−log⁡3a=4.\begin{align*} \log_3(a+1)-\log_3a=4. \end{align*}

Using the subtraction law of logarithms,

log⁡3(a+1a)= 4a+1a= 34a+1a= 81.\begin{align*} \log_3\bigg(\frac{a+1}{a}\bigg)=&\,4\\ \frac{a+1}{a}=&\,3^4\\ \frac{a+1}{a}=&\,81. \end{align*}

So

a+1= 81a1= 80aa= 180.\begin{align*} a+1=&\,81a\\ 1=&\,80a\\ a=&\,\frac1{80}. \end{align*}

Alternatively, the addition law gives

log⁡3(a+1)= 4+log⁡3a= log⁡381+log⁡3a= log⁡3(81a).\begin{align*} \log_3(a+1)=&\,4+\log_3a\\ =&\,\log_3 81+\log_3a\\ =&\,\log_3(81a). \end{align*}

Hence a+1=81aa+1=81a, giving the same a=180a=\frac1{80}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

条带宽度是 11。先列五个节点的函数值,再把端点对数之和与内部三个对数之和分别合并。用 EE 表示梯形估计值,最后把它写成 log⁡3k\log_3 k;注意根式来自对数前的 12\frac12。

答题过程

展开

The strip width is

h=5−14=1.h=\frac{5-1}{4}=1.

Using the subtraction law of logarithms,

y=log⁡3(x+1x).y=\log_3\bigg(\frac{x+1}{x}\bigg).

The ordinates are

xy1log⁡322log⁡3323log⁡3434log⁡3545log⁡365\begin{array}{c|c} x&y\\ \hline 1&\log_3 2\\ 2&\log_3\frac32\\ 3&\log_3\frac43\\ 4&\log_3\frac54\\ 5&\log_3\frac65 \end{array}

Let HH be the sum of the two endpoint ordinates and II the sum of the three interior ordinates. Then

H= log⁡32+log⁡365= log⁡3(2⋅65)= log⁡3125.\begin{align*} H=&\,\log_3 2+\log_3\frac65\\ =&\,\log_3\bigg(2\cdot\frac65\bigg)\\ =&\,\log_3\frac{12}{5}. \end{align*}

Also,

I= log⁡332+log⁡343 +log⁡354= log⁡33−log⁡32 +log⁡34−log⁡33 +log⁡35−log⁡34= log⁡35−log⁡32= log⁡352.\begin{align*} I=&\,\log_3\frac32+\log_3\frac43\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\log_3\frac54\\ =&\,\log_3 3-\log_3 2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\log_3 4-\log_3 3\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+\log_3 5-\log_3 4\\ =&\,\log_3 5-\log_3 2\\ =&\,\log_3\frac52. \end{align*}

Let EE denote the trapezium estimate. Thus

E= h2(H+2I),2E= H+2I= log⁡3125+log⁡3254= log⁡3(125⋅254)= log⁡315.\begin{align*} E=&\,\frac h2(H+2I),\\ 2E=&\,H+2I\\ =&\,\log_3\frac{12}{5}+\log_3\frac{25}{4}\\ =&\,\log_3\bigg(\frac{12}{5}\cdot\frac{25}{4}\bigg)\\ =&\,\log_3 15. \end{align*}

Using the power law,

E= 12log⁡315= log⁡315.\begin{align*} E=&\,\frac12\log_3 15\\ =&\,\log_3\sqrt{15}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

∫15(log⁡3(x+1)−log⁡3x) dx≈log⁡315,\int_1^5\big(\log_3(x+1)-\log_3x\big)\,\mathrm{d}x \approx\log_3\sqrt{15},

so k=15k=\sqrt{15}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

梯形法要更准确,就把区间分得更细。

答题过程

展开

Use more strips of smaller width.