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IAL 2025 May Q4

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2025 May Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

The function f(x)f(x) is defined by

f(x)=ax3+bx2+5x3f(x)=ax^3+bx^2+5x-3

where aa and bb are constants.

Given that (x+3)(x+3) is a factor of f(x)f(x),

(a) show that

b=3a+2b=3a+2
(2)

Given further that when f(x)f(x) is divided by (2x1)(2x-1) the remainder is 74\frac74

(b) find the value of aa and the value of bb.

(4)

(c) Using algebra, find the quotient and the remainder when f(x)f(x) is divided by (x2)(x-2)

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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(x+3)(x+3) 是因式,所以 f(3)=0f(-3)=0。代入后整理即可得到目标式。

答题过程

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Since (x+3)(x+3) is a factor of f(x)f(x),

f(3)=0.\begin{align*} f(-3)=0. \end{align*}

Substitute x=3x=-3:

a(3)3+b(3)2+5(3)3=027a+9b153=027a+9b=189b=27a+18b=3a+2.\begin{align*} a(-3)^3+b(-3)^2+5(-3)-3=&\,0\\ -27a+9b-15-3=&\,0\\ -27a+9b=&\,18\\ 9b=&\,27a+18\\ b=&\,3a+2. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以用除法理解:如果 (x+3)(x+3) 是因式,那么除以 (x+3)(x+3) 的 remainder 必须是 00。这样会得到同一个关系式。

答题过程

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Divide f(x)f(x) by (x+3)(x+3) algebraically:

f(x)=(x+3)(ax2+(b3a)x+53(b3a))+[3{159(b3a)}].\begin{align*} f(x) =&\,(x+3)\left(ax^2+(b-3a)x+5-3(b-3a)\right)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\left[-3-\{15-9(b-3a)\}\right]. \end{align*}

Since (x+3)(x+3) is a factor, the remainder is 00:

3{159(b3a)}=018+9b27a=09b=27a+18b=3a+2.\begin{align*} -3-\{15-9(b-3a)\}=&\,0\\ -18+9b-27a=&\,0\\ 9b=&\,27a+18\\ b=&\,3a+2. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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除以 (2x1)(2x-1) 的 remainder 是 f(12)f\left(\frac12\right)。用它建立第二个方程,再和第 (a) 题的关系式联立。

答题过程

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Since the remainder when f(x)f(x) is divided by (2x1)(2x-1) is 74\frac74,

f(12)=74.\begin{align*} f\left(\frac12\right)=\frac74. \end{align*}

So

a(12)3+b(12)2+5(12)3=74a8+b412=74a8+b4=94.\begin{align*} a\left(\frac12\right)^3 +b\left(\frac12\right)^2 +5\left(\frac12\right)-3=&\,\frac74\\ \frac{a}{8}+\frac{b}{4}-\frac12=&\,\frac74\\ \frac{a}{8}+\frac{b}{4}=&\,\frac94. \end{align*}

Multiply by 88:

a+2b=18.\begin{align*} a+2b=18. \end{align*}

From part (a),

b=3a+2.\begin{align*} b=3a+2. \end{align*}

Substitute this into a+2b=18a+2b=18:

a+2(3a+2)=187a+4=187a=14a=2.\begin{align*} a+2(3a+2)=&\,18\\ 7a+4=&\,18\\ 7a=&\,14\\ a=&\,2. \end{align*}

Then

b=3(2)+2=8.\begin{align*} b=3(2)+2=8. \end{align*}

Therefore,

a=2,b=8.\begin{align*} a=2,\qquad b=8. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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先代入 a=2,b=8a=2,b=8,得到 f(x)=2x3+8x2+5x3f(x)=2x^3+8x^2+5x-3。然后用代数恒等式表示除以 (x2)(x-2) 的结果。

答题过程

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Using a=2a=2 and b=8b=8,

f(x)=2x3+8x2+5x3.\begin{align*} f(x)=2x^3+8x^2+5x-3. \end{align*}

Let

2x3+8x2+5x3=(x2)(Ax2+Bx+C)+R.\begin{align*} 2x^3+8x^2+5x-3=(x-2)(Ax^2+Bx+C)+R. \end{align*}

Expand the right-hand side:

(x2)(Ax2+Bx+C)+R=Ax3+Bx2+Cx2Ax22Bx2C+R=Ax3+(B2A)x2+(C2B)x+(2C+R).\begin{align*} (x-2)(Ax^2+Bx+C)+R =&\,Ax^3+Bx^2+Cx\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-2Ax^2-2Bx-2C+R\\ =&\,Ax^3+(B-2A)x^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(C-2B)x+(-2C+R). \end{align*}

Compare coefficients:

A=2,B2A=8B=12,C2B=5C=29,2C+R=3R=55.\begin{align*} A=&\,2,\\ B-2A=&\,8 &&\Rightarrow B=12,\\ C-2B=&\,5 &&\Rightarrow C=29,\\ -2C+R=&\,-3 &&\Rightarrow R=55. \end{align*}

Therefore, the quotient is

2x2+12x+29,\begin{align*} 2x^2+12x+29, \end{align*}

and the remainder is

55.\begin{align*} 55. \end{align*}