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P2 2025 May Q4

A Level / Edexcel / P2

IAL 2025 May Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

The function f(x)f(x) is defined by

f(x)=ax3+bx2+5x−3f(x)=ax^3+bx^2+5x-3

where aa and bb are constants.

Given that (x+3)(x+3) is a factor of f(x)f(x),

(a) show that

b=3a+2b=3a+2
(2)

Given further that when f(x)f(x) is divided by (2x−1)(2x-1) the remainder is 74\frac74

(b) find the value of aa and the value of bb.

(4)

(c) Using algebra, find the quotient and the remainder when f(x)f(x) is divided by (x−2)(x-2)

(3)
题目中文翻译

函数 f(x)f(x) 定义为

f(x)=ax3+bx2+5x−3,f(x)=ax^3+bx^2+5x-3,

其中 aa 和 bb 是常数。

已知 (x+3)(x+3) 是 f(x)f(x) 的一个因式,

(a) 证明 b=3a+2b=3a+2。(2分)

又已知 f(x)f(x) 除以 (2x−1)(2x-1) 的余数为 74\frac74,

(b) 求 aa 和 bb 的值。(4分)

(c) 用代数方法求 f(x)f(x) 除以 (x−2)(x-2) 的商和余数。(3分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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(x+3)(x+3) 是因式,所以 f(−3)=0f(-3)=0。代入后整理即可得到目标式。

答题过程

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Since (x+3)(x+3) is a factor of f(x)f(x),

f(−3)=0.\begin{align*} f(-3)=0. \end{align*}

Substitute x=−3x=-3:

a(−3)3+b(−3)2+5(−3)−3= 0−27a+9b−15−3= 0−27a+9b= 189b= 27a+18b= 3a+2.\begin{align*} a(-3)^3+b(-3)^2+5(-3)-3=&\,0\\ -27a+9b-15-3=&\,0\\ -27a+9b=&\,18\\ 9b=&\,27a+18\\ b=&\,3a+2. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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用多项式除法依次消去三次项、二次项和一次项。因式条件使最后的余数为 00。

答题过程

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Divide by x+3x+3. The first quotient term is ax2ax^2. Subtract its product:

 f(x)−ax2(x+3)= (b−3a)x2+5x−3.\begin{align*} &\,f(x)-ax^2(x+3)\\ =&\,(b-3a)x^2+5x-3. \end{align*}

Set B=b−3aB=b-3a. The next quotient term is BxBx:

 (Bx2+5x−3)−Bx(x+3)= (5−3B)x−3.\begin{align*} &\,(Bx^2+5x-3)-Bx(x+3)\\ =&\,(5-3B)x-3. \end{align*}

The final quotient term is 5−3B5-3B:

R= [(5−3B)x−3] −(5−3B)(x+3)= −3−3(5−3B)= 9B−18.\begin{align*} R=&\,\big[(5-3B)x-3\big]\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-(5-3B)(x+3)\\ =&\,-3-3(5-3B)\\ =&\,9B-18. \end{align*}

Since x+3x+3 is a factor, R=0R=0. Hence

9(b−3a)−18= 09b= 27a+18b= 3a+2.\begin{align*} 9(b-3a)-18=&\,0\\ 9b=&\,27a+18\\ b=&\,3a+2. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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除以 (2x−1)(2x-1) 的 remainder 是 f(12)f\bigg(\frac12\bigg)。用它建立第二个方程,再和第 (a) 题的关系式联立。

答题过程

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Since the remainder when f(x)f(x) is divided by (2x−1)(2x-1) is 74\frac74,

f(12)=74.\begin{align*} f\bigg(\frac12\bigg)=\frac74. \end{align*}

So

 a(12)3 +b(12)2 +5(12)−3= 74.\begin{align*} &\,a\bigg(\frac12\bigg)^3\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+b\bigg(\frac12\bigg)^2\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+5\bigg(\frac12\bigg)-3\\ =&\,\frac74. \end{align*}

Combining the terms gives f(12)=a+2b−48f\big(\frac12\big)=\frac{a+2b-4}{8}.

a+2b−48= 74a+2b−4= 14.\begin{align*} \frac{a+2b-4}{8}=&\,\frac74\\ a+2b-4=&\,14. \end{align*}

Add 44:

a+2b=18.\begin{align*} a+2b=18. \end{align*}

From part (a),

b=3a+2.\begin{align*} b=3a+2. \end{align*}

Substitute this into a+2b=18a+2b=18:

a+2(3a+2)= 187a+4= 187a= 14a= 2.\begin{align*} a+2(3a+2)=&\,18\\ 7a+4=&\,18\\ 7a=&\,14\\ a=&\,2. \end{align*}

Then

b=3(2)+2=8.\begin{align*} b=3(2)+2=8. \end{align*}

Therefore,

a=2,b=8.\begin{align*} a=2,\qquad b=8. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以除以 2x−12x-1,用余数等于 74\frac74 建立方程。为使长式简洁,令 B=b+a2B=b+\frac a2、C=5+B2C=5+\frac B2;它们只是除法中的临时记号。

答题过程

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Divide f(x)f(x) by 2x−12x-1. The first quotient term is a2x2\frac a2x^2:

 f(x)−a2x2(2x−1)= (b+a2)x2+5x−3.\begin{align*} &\,f(x)-\frac a2x^2(2x-1)\\ =&\,\bigg(b+\frac a2\bigg)x^2+5x-3. \end{align*}

Let B=b+a2B=b+\frac a2. The next quotient term is B2x\frac B2x:

 (Bx2+5x−3)−B2x(2x−1)= (5+B2)x−3.\begin{align*} &\,(Bx^2+5x-3)-\frac B2x(2x-1)\\ =&\,\bigg(5+\frac B2\bigg)x-3. \end{align*}

Let C=5+B2C=5+\frac B2. The final quotient term is C2\frac C2:

R= (Cx−3)−C2(2x−1)= −3+C2= −12+B4= −12+2b+a8.\begin{align*} R=&\,(Cx-3)-\frac C2(2x-1)\\ =&\,-3+\frac C2\\ =&\,-\frac12+\frac B4\\ =&\,-\frac12+\frac{2b+a}{8}. \end{align*}

The given remainder is 74\frac74, so

−12+2b+a8= 742b+a8= 94a+2b= 18.\begin{align*} -\frac12+\frac{2b+a}{8}=&\,\frac74\\ \frac{2b+a}{8}=&\,\frac94\\ a+2b=&\,18. \end{align*}

Using b=3a+2b=3a+2 from part (a),

a+2(3a+2)= 187a= 14a= 2,b= 3(2)+2=8.\begin{align*} a+2(3a+2)=&\,18\\ 7a=&\,14\\ a=&\,2,\\ b=&\,3(2)+2=8. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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先代入 a=2,b=8a=2,b=8,得到 f(x)=2x3+8x2+5x−3f(x)=2x^3+8x^2+5x-3。然后用代数恒等式表示除以 (x−2)(x-2) 的结果。

答题过程

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Using a=2a=2 and b=8b=8,

f(x)=2x3+8x2+5x−3.\begin{align*} f(x)=2x^3+8x^2+5x-3. \end{align*}

Let

 2x3+8x2+5x−3= (x−2)(Ax2+Bx+C)+R.\begin{align*} &\,2x^3+8x^2+5x-3\\ =&\,(x-2)(Ax^2+Bx+C)+R. \end{align*}

Expand the right-hand side:

(x−2)(Ax2+Bx+C)+R= Ax3+Bx2+Cx −2Ax2−2Bx−2C+R= Ax3+(B−2A)x2 +(C−2B)x+(−2C+R).\begin{align*} (x-2)(Ax^2+Bx+C)+R =&\,Ax^3+Bx^2+Cx\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-2Ax^2-2Bx-2C+R\\ =&\,Ax^3+(B-2A)x^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(C-2B)x+(-2C+R). \end{align*}

Compare coefficients:

A= 2,B−2A= 8,B= 8+2(2)=12,C−2B= 5,C= 5+2(12)=29,−2C+R= −3,R= −3+2(29)=55.\begin{align*} A=&\,2,\\ B-2A=&\,8,\\ B=&\,8+2(2)=12,\\ C-2B=&\,5,\\ C=&\,5+2(12)=29,\\ -2C+R=&\,-3,\\ R=&\,-3+2(29)=55. \end{align*}

Therefore, the quotient is

2x2+12x+29,\begin{align*} 2x^2+12x+29, \end{align*}

and the remainder is

55.\begin{align*} 55. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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代入 a=2,b=8a=2,b=8 后,对 x−2x-2 做长除法。每一步写出商项、乘回和相减,即可同时得到商与余数。

答题过程

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From part (b), f(x)=2x3+8x2+5x−3f(x)=2x^3+8x^2+5x-3.

First subtract 2x2(x−2)2x^2(x-2):

 (2x3+8x2+5x−3) −2x2(x−2)= 12x2+5x−3.\begin{align*} &\,(2x^3+8x^2+5x-3)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-2x^2(x-2)\\ =&\,12x^2+5x-3. \end{align*}

Next subtract 12x(x−2)12x(x-2):

 (12x2+5x−3)−12x(x−2)= 29x−3.\begin{align*} &\,(12x^2+5x-3)-12x(x-2)\\ =&\,29x-3. \end{align*}

Finally subtract 29(x−2)29(x-2):

(29x−3)−29(x−2)= 55.\begin{align*} (29x-3)-29(x-2)=&\,55. \end{align*}

Thus

f(x)= (x−2)(2x2+12x+29) +55.\begin{align*} f(x)=&\,(x-2)(2x^2+12x+29)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+55. \end{align*}

The quotient is 2x2+12x+292x^2+12x+29 and the remainder is 5555.