题目
Problem
The function f(x) is defined by
f(x)=ax3+bx2+5x−3
where a and b are constants.
Given that (x+3) is a factor of f(x),
(a) show that
b=3a+2
(2)
Given further that when f(x) is divided by (2x−1) the remainder is 47
(b) find the value of a and the value of b.
(4)
(c) Using algebra, find the quotient and the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x−2)
(3)
题目中文翻译
函数 f(x) 定义为
f(x)=ax3+bx2+5x−3,
其中 a 和 b 是常数。
已知 (x+3) 是 f(x) 的一个因式,
(a) 证明 b=3a+2。(2分)
又已知 f(x) 除以 (2x−1) 的余数为 47,
(b) 求 a 和 b 的值。(4分)
(c) 用代数方法求 f(x) 除以 (x−2) 的商和余数。(3分)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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(x+3) 是因式,所以 f(−3)=0。代入后整理即可得到目标式。
答题过程
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Since (x+3) is a factor of f(x),
f(−3)=0.
Substitute x=−3:
a(−3)3+b(−3)2+5(−3)−3=−27a+9b−15−3=−27a+9b=9b=b=001827a+183a+2.
解法二
思路
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用多项式除法依次消去三次项、二次项和一次项。因式条件使最后的余数为 0。
答题过程
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Divide by x+3. The first quotient term is ax2. Subtract its product:
=f(x)−ax2(x+3)(b−3a)x2+5x−3.
Set B=b−3a. The next quotient term is Bx:
=(Bx2+5x−3)−Bx(x+3)(5−3B)x−3.
The final quotient term is 5−3B:
R===[(5−3B)x−3]−(5−3B)(x+3)−3−3(5−3B)9B−18.
Since x+3 is a factor, R=0. Hence
9(b−3a)−18=9b=b=027a+183a+2.
(b)
解法一
思路
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除以 (2x−1) 的 remainder 是 f(21)。用它建立第二个方程,再和第 (a) 题的关系式联立。
答题过程
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Since the remainder when f(x) is divided by (2x−1) is 47,
f(21)=47.
So
=a(21)3+b(21)2+5(21)−347.
Combining the terms gives f(21)=8a+2b−4.
8a+2b−4=a+2b−4=4714.
Add 4:
a+2b=18.
From part (a),
b=3a+2.
Substitute this into a+2b=18:
a+2(3a+2)=7a+4=7a=a=1818142.
Then
b=3(2)+2=8.
Therefore,
a=2,b=8.
解法二
思路
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也可以除以 2x−1,用余数等于 47 建立方程。为使长式简洁,令 B=b+2a、C=5+2B;它们只是除法中的临时记号。
答题过程
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Divide f(x) by 2x−1. The first quotient term is 2ax2:
=f(x)−2ax2(2x−1)(b+2a)x2+5x−3.
Let B=b+2a. The next quotient term is 2Bx:
=(Bx2+5x−3)−2Bx(2x−1)(5+2B)x−3.
Let C=5+2B. The final quotient term is 2C:
R====(Cx−3)−2C(2x−1)−3+2C−21+4B−21+82b+a.
The given remainder is 47, so
−21+82b+a=82b+a=a+2b=474918.
Using b=3a+2 from part (a),
a+2(3a+2)=7a=a=b=18142,3(2)+2=8.
(c)
解法一
思路
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先代入 a=2,b=8,得到 f(x)=2x3+8x2+5x−3。然后用代数恒等式表示除以 (x−2) 的结果。
答题过程
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Using a=2 and b=8,
f(x)=2x3+8x2+5x−3.
Let
=2x3+8x2+5x−3(x−2)(Ax2+Bx+C)+R.
Expand the right-hand side:
(x−2)(Ax2+Bx+C)+R==Ax3+Bx2+Cx−2Ax2−2Bx−2C+RAx3+(B−2A)x2+(C−2B)x+(−2C+R).
Compare coefficients:
A=B−2A=B=C−2B=C=−2C+R=R=2,8,8+2(2)=12,5,5+2(12)=29,−3,−3+2(29)=55.
Therefore, the quotient is
2x2+12x+29,
and the remainder is
55.
解法二
思路
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代入 a=2,b=8 后,对 x−2 做长除法。每一步写出商项、乘回和相减,即可同时得到商与余数。
答题过程
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From part (b), f(x)=2x3+8x2+5x−3.
First subtract 2x2(x−2):
=(2x3+8x2+5x−3)−2x2(x−2)12x2+5x−3.
Next subtract 12x(x−2):
=(12x2+5x−3)−12x(x−2)29x−3.
Finally subtract 29(x−2):
(29x−3)−29(x−2)=55.
Thus
f(x)=(x−2)(2x2+12x+29)+55.
The quotient is 2x2+12x+29 and the remainder is 55.