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IAL 2023 Jan Q4

A Level / Edexcel / P3

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

The function ff is defined by

f(x)=2x4+15x3+35x2+21x4(x+3)2xR,x>3f(x)=\frac{2x^4+15x^3+35x^2+21x-4}{(x+3)^2} \qquad x\in\mathbb R,\quad x>-3

(a) Find the values of the constants AA, BB, CC and DD such that

Ax2+Bx+C+D(x+3)2Ax^2+Bx+C+\frac{D}{(x+3)^2}
(4)

(b) Hence find

f(x)dx\int f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x
(3)
题目中文翻译

函数 ff 定义为

f(x)=2x4+15x3+35x2+21x4(x+3)2xR,x>3f(x)=\frac{2x^4+15x^3+35x^2+21x-4}{(x+3)^2} \qquad x\in\mathbb R,\quad x>-3

(a) 求常数 AABBCCDD 的值,使得

Ax2+Bx+C+D(x+3)2Ax^2+Bx+C+\frac{D}{(x+3)^2}

(b) 由此求

f(x)dx\int f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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题目要求把分式改写成一个二次多项式加上 D(x+3)2\frac{D}{(x+3)^2}。最直接的方法是把目标形式两边同乘 (x+3)2(x+3)^2,然后比较多项式系数。

答题过程

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We want

2x4+15x3+35x2+21x4(x+3)2=Ax2+Bx+C+D(x+3)2.\frac{2x^4+15x^3+35x^2+21x-4}{(x+3)^2} =Ax^2+Bx+C+\frac{D}{(x+3)^2}.

Multiply both sides by (x+3)2(x+3)^2:

2x4+15x3+35x2+21x4=(Ax2+Bx+C)(x+3)2+D.2x^4+15x^3+35x^2+21x-4 =(Ax^2+Bx+C)(x+3)^2+D.

Since

(x+3)2=x2+6x+9,(x+3)^2=x^2+6x+9,

we have

(Ax2+Bx+C)(x+3)2=(Ax2+Bx+C)(x2+6x+9)=Ax4+(6A+B)x3+(9A+6B+C)x2+(9B+6C)x+9C.\begin{align*} (Ax^2+Bx+C)(x+3)^2 =&\,(Ax^2+Bx+C)(x^2+6x+9) \\[2mm] =&\,Ax^4+(6A+B)x^3 \\[2mm] &\,\hspace{4pt}+(9A+6B+C)x^2 \\[2mm] &\,\hspace{6pt}+(9B+6C)x+9C. \end{align*}

So

2x4+15x3+35x2+21x4=Ax4+(6A+B)x3+(9A+6B+C)x2+(9B+6C)x+(9C+D).\begin{align*} 2x^4+15x^3+35x^2+21x-4 =&\,Ax^4+(6A+B)x^3 \\[2mm] &\,\hspace{4pt}+(9A+6B+C)x^2 \\[2mm] &\,\hspace{6pt}+(9B+6C)x+(9C+D). \end{align*}

Compare coefficients:

A=2.A=2.

Then

6A+B=1512+B=15B=3.6A+B=15 \quad\Rightarrow\quad 12+B=15 \quad\Rightarrow\quad B=3.

Next,

9A+6B+C=3518+18+C=35C=1.9A+6B+C=35 \quad\Rightarrow\quad 18+18+C=35 \quad\Rightarrow\quad C=-1.

Finally,

9C+D=49+D=4D=5.9C+D=-4 \quad\Rightarrow\quad -9+D=-4 \quad\Rightarrow\quad D=5.

Therefore

A=2,B=3,C=1,D=5.\boxed{A=2,\quad B=3,\quad C=-1,\quad D=5}.

Hence

f(x)=2x2+3x1+5(x+3)2.\boxed{ f(x)=2x^2+3x-1+\frac{5}{(x+3)^2} }.

解法二

思路

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官方评分资料也接受多项式长除法。用分母 x2+6x+9x^2+6x+9 依次消去四次项、三次项和二次项,便可得到二次商式与常数余数。

答题过程

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Since

(x+3)2=x2+6x+9,(x+3)^2=x^2+6x+9,

divide the numerator by x2+6x+9x^2+6x+9.

The first term of the quotient is 2x22x^2. Subtracting 2x2(x2+6x+9)2x^2(x^2+6x+9) leaves

3x3+17x2+21x4.3x^3+17x^2+21x-4.

The next term is 3x3x. Subtracting 3x(x2+6x+9)3x(x^2+6x+9) leaves

x26x4.-x^2-6x-4.

The next term is 1-1. Subtracting (x2+6x+9)-(x^2+6x+9) leaves the remainder

5.5.

Therefore the quotient is 2x2+3x12x^2+3x-1, and

f(x)=2x2+3x1+5(x+3)2.\boxed{ f(x)=2x^2+3x-1+\frac{5}{(x+3)^2} }.

Thus

A=2,B=3,C=1,D=5.\boxed{A=2,\quad B=3,\quad C=-1,\quad D=5}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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直接使用 (a) 的分解结果逐项积分。最后一项是 5(x+3)25(x+3)^{-2},积分时要变成 5x+3-\frac{5}{x+3}

答题过程

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From part (a),

f(x)=2x2+3x1+5(x+3)2.f(x)=2x^2+3x-1+\frac{5}{(x+3)^2}.

Therefore

f(x)dx=(2x2+3x1+5(x+3)2)dx=2x33+3x22x+5(x+3)2dx.\begin{align*} \int f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x =&\,\int\big(2x^2+3x-1+5(x+3)^{-2}\big)\,\mathrm{d}x \\[2mm] =&\,\frac{2x^3}{3}+\frac{3x^2}{2}-x +5\int (x+3)^{-2}\,\mathrm{d}x. \end{align*}

Now

(x+3)2dx=(x+3)1.\int (x+3)^{-2}\,\mathrm{d}x =-(x+3)^{-1}.

So

f(x)dx=2x33+3x22x5x+3+C.\boxed{ \int f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x =\frac{2x^3}{3}+\frac{3x^2}{2}-x-\frac{5}{x+3}+C }.