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IAL 2023 Jan Q9

A Level / Edexcel / P3

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 9

题目

Problem

Figure 3 shows a sketch of part of the curve CC with equation

y=3+4ex2x0y=\sqrt{3+4e^{x^2}}\qquad x\ge 0

(a) Find

dydx\frac{dy}{dx}

giving your answer in simplest form.

(2)

The point PP with xx coordinate α\alpha lies on CC.

Given that the tangent to CC at PP passes through the origin, as shown in Figure 3,

(b) show that x=αx=\alpha is a solution of the equation

4x2ex24ex23=04x^2e^{x^2}-4e^{x^2}-3=0
(3)

(c) Hence show that α\alpha lies between 11 and 22

(2)

(d) Show that the equation in part (b) can be written in the form

x=124+3ex2x=\frac12\sqrt{4+3e^{-x^2}}
(1)

The iteration formula

xn+1=124+3exn2x_{n+1}=\frac12\sqrt{4+3e^{-x_n^2}}

with x1=1x_1=1 is used to find an approximation for α\alpha.

(e) Use the iteration formula to find, to 4 decimal places, the value of

(i) x3x_3

(ii) α\alpha

(3)
题目中文翻译

图 3 给出了曲线 CC 的一部分示意图,其方程为

y=3+4ex2x0y=\sqrt{3+4e^{x^2}}\qquad x\ge 0

(a) 求

dydx\frac{dy}{dx}

并把答案写成最简形式。

xx 坐标为 α\alpha 的点 PP 在曲线 CC 上。

已知曲线 CC 在点 PP 处的切线经过原点,如图 3 所示。

(b) 证明 x=αx=\alpha 是方程

4x2ex24ex23=04x^2e^{x^2}-4e^{x^2}-3=0

的一个解。

(c) 由此证明 α\alpha 位于 1122 之间。

(d) 证明 (b) 中的方程可写成

x=124+3ex2x=\frac12\sqrt{4+3e^{-x^2}}

的形式。

利用迭代公式

xn+1=124+3exn2x_{n+1}=\frac12\sqrt{4+3e^{-x_n^2}}

x1=1x_1=1,求 α\alpha 的近似值。

(e) 用该迭代公式求下列值(精确到小数点后 4 位):

(i) x3x_3

(ii) α\alpha

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

y=3+4ex2y=\sqrt{3+4e^{x^2}} 写成 (3+4ex2)1/2\left(3+4e^{x^2}\right)^{1/2},然后用链式法则。最后把负指数幂写回根式分母,使答案最简。

答题过程

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We have

y=(3+4ex2)1/2.y=\left(3+4e^{x^2}\right)^{1/2}.

Differentiate using the chain rule:

dydx=12(3+4ex2)1/24ex22x=4xex2(3+4ex2)1/2.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =&\,\frac12\left(3+4e^{x^2}\right)^{-1/2} \cdot 4e^{x^2}\cdot 2x \\[2mm] =&\,4xe^{x^2}\left(3+4e^{x^2}\right)^{-1/2}. \end{align*}

Therefore

dydx=4xex23+4ex2.\boxed{ \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{4xe^{x^2}}{\sqrt{3+4e^{x^2}}} }.

(b)

解法一

思路

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PP 的坐标是 (α,3+4eα2)\left(\alpha,\sqrt{3+4e^{\alpha^2}}\right)。因为切线经过原点,所以切线斜率也等于从原点到 PP 的直线斜率。把这个斜率与 (a) 中在 x=αx=\alpha 处的导数相等,再整理即可。

答题过程

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At PP,

x=α,y=3+4eα2.x=\alpha, \qquad y=\sqrt{3+4e^{\alpha^2}}.

Since the tangent at PP passes through the origin, its gradient is

y0x0=3+4eα2α.\frac{y-0}{x-0} =\frac{\sqrt{3+4e^{\alpha^2}}}{\alpha}.

From part (a), the gradient of the curve at x=αx=\alpha is

4αeα23+4eα2.\frac{4\alpha e^{\alpha^2}}{\sqrt{3+4e^{\alpha^2}}}.

Equate these two gradients:

4αeα23+4eα2=3+4eα2α.\frac{4\alpha e^{\alpha^2}}{\sqrt{3+4e^{\alpha^2}}} =\frac{\sqrt{3+4e^{\alpha^2}}}{\alpha}.

Multiply both sides by

α3+4eα2.\alpha\sqrt{3+4e^{\alpha^2}}.

This gives

4α2eα2=3+4eα2.4\alpha^2e^{\alpha^2}=3+4e^{\alpha^2}.

Rearrange:

4α2eα24eα23=0.4\alpha^2e^{\alpha^2}-4e^{\alpha^2}-3=0.

Therefore x=αx=\alpha is a solution of

4x2ex24ex23=0.\boxed{4x^2e^{x^2}-4e^{x^2}-3=0}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

f(x)=4x2ex24ex23f(x)=4x^2e^{x^2}-4e^{x^2}-3。计算 f(1)f(1)f(2)f(2),若两者异号,并且 ff 连续,就能说明方程在 1122 之间有根。

答题过程

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Let

f(x)=4x2ex24ex23.f(x)=4x^2e^{x^2}-4e^{x^2}-3.

Then

f(1)=4(1)2e14e13=3.\begin{align*} f(1) =&\,4(1)^2e^1-4e^1-3 \\[2mm] =&\,-3. \end{align*}

Also,

f(2)=4(2)2e44e43=12e43.\begin{align*} f(2) =&\,4(2)^2e^4-4e^4-3 \\[2mm] =&\,12e^4-3. \end{align*}

Since e4>1e^4>1,

12e43>0.12e^4-3>0.

So

f(1)<0andf(2)>0.f(1)<0 \qquad\text{and}\qquad f(2)>0.

The function ff is continuous, so there is a root of f(x)=0f(x)=0 between 11 and 22.

Hence

1<α<2.\boxed{1<\alpha<2}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

从 (b) 的方程出发,把含 x2x^2 的项单独放一边。两边除以 ex2e^{x^2} 后会出现 ex2e^{-x^2}。由于 (c) 已知所需根在 1122 之间,所以取正平方根。

答题过程

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Starting from

4x2ex24ex23=0,4x^2e^{x^2}-4e^{x^2}-3=0,

we have

4x2ex2=4ex2+3.4x^2e^{x^2}=4e^{x^2}+3.

Divide both sides by ex2e^{x^2}:

4x2=4+3ex2.4x^2=4+3e^{-x^2}.

So

x2=14(4+3ex2).x^2=\frac14\left(4+3e^{-x^2}\right).

Since the required root lies between 11 and 22, we take the positive square root:

x=124+3ex2.x=\frac12\sqrt{4+3e^{-x^2}}.

Hence the equation can be written in the form

x=124+3ex2.\boxed{x=\frac12\sqrt{4+3e^{-x^2}}}.

(e)

解法一

思路

展开

按照题目给出的迭代公式,从 x1=1x_1=1 开始依次计算 x2,x3,x_2,x_3,\ldots。要找 α\alpha,继续迭代到数值稳定到 4 位小数即可。

答题过程

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The iteration formula is

xn+1=124+3exn2,x1=1.x_{n+1}=\frac12\sqrt{4+3e^{-x_n^2}}, \qquad x_1=1.

First,

x2=124+3e12=1.129561.\begin{align*} x_2 =&\,\frac12\sqrt{4+3e^{-1^2}} \\[2mm] =&\,1.129561\ldots. \end{align*}

Then

x3=124+3e(1.129561)2=1.099719.\begin{align*} x_3 =&\,\frac12\sqrt{4+3e^{-(1.129561\ldots)^2}} \\[2mm] =&\,1.099719\ldots. \end{align*}

Therefore, to 4 decimal places,

x3=1.0997.\boxed{x_3=1.0997}.

Continuing the iteration gives

x4=1.106248,x5=1.104801,x6=1.105121,x7=1.105050.\begin{align*} x_4=&\,1.106248\ldots,\\ x_5=&\,1.104801\ldots,\\ x_6=&\,1.105121\ldots,\\ x_7=&\,1.105050\ldots. \end{align*}

The values converge to

α=1.105063.\alpha=1.105063\ldots.

Hence, to 4 decimal places,

α=1.1051.\boxed{\alpha=1.1051}.