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IAL 2023 Oct Q8

A Level / Edexcel / P3

IAL 2023 Oct Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

(a) Prove that

2cosec22θ(1cos2θ)1+tan2θ2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta)\equiv 1+\tan^2\theta
(4)

(b) Hence solve for 0<x<3600<x<360^\circ, where x(90n), nNx\ne(90n)^\circ,\ n\in\mathbb{N}, the equation

2cosec22x(1cos2x)=4+3secx2\cosec^2 2x(1-\cos 2x)=4+3\sec x

giving your answers to one decimal place.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

(4)
题目中文翻译

(a) 证明

2cosec22θ(1cos2θ)1+tan2θ2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta)\equiv 1+\tan^2\theta

(b) 由此求方程

2cosec22x(1cos2x)=4+3secx2\cosec^2 2x(1-\cos 2x)=4+3\sec x

0<x<3600<x<360^\circ 内的解,其中 x(90n), nNx\ne(90n)^\circ,\ n\in\mathbb{N},答案精确到小数点后 1 位。

不接受完全依赖计算器技术的解法。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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从左边出发,先把 cosec2θ\cosec 2\theta 改写成正弦的倒数,再使用二倍角公式 1cos2θ=2sin2θ1-\cos 2\theta=2\sin^2\thetasin2θ=2sinθcosθ\sin 2\theta=2\sin\theta\cos\theta。约分后会得到 sec2θ\sec^2\theta,再用勾股恒等式完成证明。

答题过程

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Starting from the left-hand side,

2cosec22θ(1cos2θ)=2(1cos2θ)sin22θ=2(2sin2θ)(2sinθcosθ)2=4sin2θ4sin2θcos2θ=1cos2θ=sec2θ=1+tan2θ.\begin{align*} 2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta) =&\,\frac{2(1-\cos 2\theta)}{\sin^2 2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{2(2\sin^2\theta)} {(2\sin\theta\cos\theta)^2}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{4\sin^2\theta} {4\sin^2\theta\cos^2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{1}{\cos^2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\sec^2\theta\\[4mm] =&\,1+\tan^2\theta. \end{align*}

Therefore,

2cosec22θ(1cos2θ)1+tan2θ.\boxed{ 2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta) \equiv 1+\tan^2\theta }.

解法二

思路

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也可以从右边反向证明。把 sec2θ\sec^2\theta 化成含 cos2θ\cos 2\theta 的分式,再乘以共轭因子 1cos2θ1-\cos 2\theta,分母便可利用 1cos22θ=sin22θ1-\cos^2 2\theta=\sin^2 2\theta 化简。

答题过程

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Starting from the right-hand side,

1+tan2θ=sec2θ=1cos2θ=21+cos2θ=2(1cos2θ)(1+cos2θ)(1cos2θ)=2(1cos2θ)1cos22θ=2(1cos2θ)sin22θ=2cosec22θ(1cos2θ).\begin{align*} 1+\tan^2\theta =&\,\sec^2\theta\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{1}{\cos^2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{2}{1+\cos 2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{2(1-\cos 2\theta)} {(1+\cos 2\theta)(1-\cos 2\theta)}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{2(1-\cos 2\theta)} {1-\cos^2 2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{2(1-\cos 2\theta)} {\sin^2 2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta). \end{align*}

Hence,

2cosec22θ(1cos2θ)1+tan2θ.\boxed{ 2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta) \equiv 1+\tan^2\theta }.

(b)

解法一

思路

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利用 (a) 把方程左边换成 1+tan2x=sec2x1+\tan^2x=\sec^2x,便得到关于 secx\sec x 的二次方程。求出余弦值后,再按给定角度范围找解,并剔除题目排除的角。

答题过程

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Using the identity proved in part (a),

sec2x=4+3secx.\sec^2x=4+3\sec x.

Therefore,

sec2x3secx4=0(secx4)(secx+1)=0.\begin{align*} \sec^2x-3\sec x-4=&\,0\\[4mm] (\sec x-4)(\sec x+1)=&\,0. \end{align*}

Thus,

secx=4orsecx=1.\sec x=4 \qquad\text{or}\qquad \sec x=-1.

The second case gives x=180x=180^\circ, which is excluded by x(90n)x\neq(90n)^\circ. For secx=4\sec x=4,

cosx=14.\cos x=\frac14.

Since cosine is positive in quadrants I and IV,

x=cos1(14)=75.522,x=360cos1(14)=284.477.\begin{align*} x=&\,\cos^{-1}\left(\frac14\right) =75.522\ldots^\circ,\\[4mm] x=&\,360^\circ-\cos^{-1}\left(\frac14\right) =284.477\ldots^\circ. \end{align*}

Hence, to one decimal place,

x=75.5, 284.5.\boxed{x=75.5^\circ,\ 284.5^\circ}.

解法二

思路

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官方评分资料也允许先把 secx\sec x 单独放在一边,再平方消去根式关系。平方可能引入增根,因此求出候选角后,必须代回平方前的方程检验。

答题过程

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Using part (a),

1+tan2x=4+3secx,1+\tan^2x=4+3\sec x,

so

tan2x3=3secx.\tan^2x-3=3\sec x.

Squaring both sides and using sec2x=1+tan2x\sec^2x=1+\tan^2x,

(tan2x3)2=9sec2xtan4x6tan2x+9=9(1+tan2x)tan4x15tan2x=0tan2x(tan2x15)=0.\begin{align*} (\tan^2x-3)^2=&\,9\sec^2x\\[4mm] \tan^4x-6\tan^2x+9=&\,9(1+\tan^2x)\\[4mm] \tan^4x-15\tan^2x=&\,0\\[4mm] \tan^2x(\tan^2x-15)=&\,0. \end{align*}

The case tanx=0\tan x=0 gives excluded values. For the non-zero solutions,

tanx=±15.\tan x=\pm\sqrt{15}.

In 0<x<3600^\circ<x<360^\circ, these give the candidate angles

75.522,104.477,255.522,284.477.75.522\ldots^\circ,\quad 104.477\ldots^\circ,\quad 255.522\ldots^\circ,\quad 284.477\ldots^\circ.

Substitution into the equation before squaring,

tan2x3=3secx,\tan^2x-3=3\sec x,

rejects 104.477104.477\ldots^\circ and 255.522255.522\ldots^\circ. Therefore, to one decimal place,

x=75.5, 284.5.\boxed{x=75.5^\circ,\ 284.5^\circ}.