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P3 2023 Oct Q8

A Level / Edexcel / P3

IAL 2023 Oct Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

(a) Prove that

2cosec⁡22θ(1−cos⁡2θ)≡1+tan⁡2θ2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta)\equiv 1+\tan^2\theta
(4)

(b) Hence solve for 0<x<360∘0<x<360^\circ, where x≠(90n)∘, n∈Nx\ne(90n)^\circ,\ n\in\mathbb{N}, the equation

2cosec⁡22x(1−cos⁡2x)=4+3sec⁡x2\cosec^2 2x(1-\cos 2x)=4+3\sec x

giving your answers to one decimal place.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

(4)
题目中文翻译

(a) 证明

2cosec⁡22θ(1−cos⁡2θ)≡1+tan⁡2θ2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta)\equiv 1+\tan^2\theta

(b) 由此求方程

2cosec⁡22x(1−cos⁡2x)=4+3sec⁡x2\cosec^2 2x(1-\cos 2x)=4+3\sec x

在 0<x<360∘0<x<360^\circ 内的解,其中 x≠(90n)∘, n∈Nx\ne(90n)^\circ,\ n\in\mathbb{N},答案精确到小数点后 1 位。

不接受完全依赖计算器技术的解法。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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从左边出发,先把 cosec⁡2θ\cosec 2\theta 改写成正弦的倒数,再使用二倍角公式 1−cos⁡2θ=2sin⁡2θ1-\cos 2\theta=2\sin^2\theta 和 sin⁡2θ=2sin⁡θcos⁡θ\sin 2\theta=2\sin\theta\cos\theta。约分后会得到 sec⁡2θ\sec^2\theta,再用勾股恒等式完成证明。

答题过程

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Starting from the left-hand side,

2cosec⁡22θ(1−cos⁡2θ)= 2(1−cos⁡2θ)sin⁡22θ= 2(2sin⁡2θ)(2sin⁡θcos⁡θ)2= 4sin⁡2θ4sin⁡2θcos⁡2θ= 1cos⁡2θ= sec⁡2θ= 1+tan⁡2θ.\begin{align*} 2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta) =&\,\frac{2(1-\cos 2\theta)}{\sin^2 2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{2(2\sin^2\theta)} {(2\sin\theta\cos\theta)^2}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{4\sin^2\theta} {4\sin^2\theta\cos^2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{1}{\cos^2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\sec^2\theta\\[4mm] =&\,1+\tan^2\theta. \end{align*}

Therefore,

2cosec⁡22θ(1−cos⁡2θ)≡1+tan⁡2θ.\boxed{ 2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta) \equiv 1+\tan^2\theta }.

解法二

思路

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也可以从右边反向证明。把 sec⁡2θ\sec^2\theta 化成含 cos⁡2θ\cos 2\theta 的分式,再乘以共轭因子 1−cos⁡2θ1-\cos 2\theta,分母便可利用 1−cos⁡22θ=sin⁡22θ1-\cos^2 2\theta=\sin^2 2\theta 化简。

答题过程

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Starting from the right-hand side,

1+tan⁡2θ= sec⁡2θ= 1cos⁡2θ= 21+cos⁡2θ= 2(1−cos⁡2θ)(1+cos⁡2θ)(1−cos⁡2θ)= 2(1−cos⁡2θ)1−cos⁡22θ= 2(1−cos⁡2θ)sin⁡22θ= 2cosec⁡22θ(1−cos⁡2θ).\begin{align*} 1+\tan^2\theta =&\,\sec^2\theta\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{1}{\cos^2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{2}{1+\cos 2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{2(1-\cos 2\theta)} {(1+\cos 2\theta)(1-\cos 2\theta)}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{2(1-\cos 2\theta)} {1-\cos^2 2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{2(1-\cos 2\theta)} {\sin^2 2\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta). \end{align*}

Hence,

2cosec⁡22θ(1−cos⁡2θ)≡1+tan⁡2θ.\boxed{ 2\cosec^2 2\theta(1-\cos 2\theta) \equiv 1+\tan^2\theta }.

(b)

解法一

思路

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利用 (a) 把方程左边换成 1+tan⁡2x=sec⁡2x1+\tan^2x=\sec^2x,便得到关于 sec⁡x\sec x 的二次方程。求出余弦值后,再按给定角度范围找解,并剔除题目排除的角。

答题过程

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Using the identity proved in part (a),

sec⁡2x=4+3sec⁡x.\sec^2x=4+3\sec x.

Therefore,

sec⁡2x−3sec⁡x−4= 0(sec⁡x−4)(sec⁡x+1)= 0.\begin{align*} \sec^2x-3\sec x-4=&\,0\\[4mm] (\sec x-4)(\sec x+1)=&\,0. \end{align*}

Thus,

sec⁡x=4orsec⁡x=−1.\sec x=4 \qquad\text{or}\qquad \sec x=-1.

The second case gives x=180∘x=180^\circ, which is excluded by x≠(90n)∘x\neq(90n)^\circ. For sec⁡x=4\sec x=4,

cos⁡x=14.\cos x=\frac14.

Since cosine is positive in quadrants I and IV,

x= cos⁡−1(14)=75.522…∘,x= 360∘−cos⁡−1(14)=284.477…∘.\begin{align*} x=&\,\cos^{-1}\bigl(\frac14\bigr) =75.522\ldots^\circ,\\[4mm] x=&\,360^\circ-\cos^{-1}\bigl(\frac14\bigr) =284.477\ldots^\circ. \end{align*}

Hence, to one decimal place,

x=75.5∘, 284.5∘.\boxed{x=75.5^\circ,\ 284.5^\circ}.

解法二

思路

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也可以先把 sec⁡x\sec x 单独放在一边,再平方消去根式关系。平方可能引入增根,因此求出候选角后,必须代回平方前的方程检验。

答题过程

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Using part (a),

1+tan⁡2x=4+3sec⁡x,1+\tan^2x=4+3\sec x,

so

tan⁡2x−3=3sec⁡x.\tan^2x-3=3\sec x.

Squaring both sides and using sec⁡2x=1+tan⁡2x\sec^2x=1+\tan^2x,

(tan⁡2x−3)2= 9sec⁡2xtan⁡4x−6tan⁡2x+9= 9(1+tan⁡2x)tan⁡4x−15tan⁡2x= 0tan⁡2x(tan⁡2x−15)= 0.\begin{align*} (\tan^2x-3)^2=&\,9\sec^2x\\[4mm] \tan^4x-6\tan^2x+9=&\,9(1+\tan^2x)\\[4mm] \tan^4x-15\tan^2x=&\,0\\[4mm] \tan^2x(\tan^2x-15)=&\,0. \end{align*}

The case tan⁡x=0\tan x=0 gives excluded values. For the non-zero solutions,

tan⁡x=±15.\tan x=\pm\sqrt{15}.

In 0∘<x<360∘0^\circ<x<360^\circ, these give the candidate angles

75.522…∘,104.477…∘,255.522…∘,284.477…∘.75.522\ldots^\circ,\quad 104.477\ldots^\circ,\quad 255.522\ldots^\circ,\quad 284.477\ldots^\circ.

Substitution into the equation before squaring,

tan⁡2x−3=3sec⁡x,\tan^2x-3=3\sec x,

rejects 104.477…∘104.477\ldots^\circ and 255.522…∘255.522\ldots^\circ. Therefore, to one decimal place,

x=75.5∘, 284.5∘.\boxed{x=75.5^\circ,\ 284.5^\circ}.