题目
Problem
In this question you must show all stages of your working.
Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.
The temperature, T∘C, of the air in a room t minutes after a heat source is switched off, is modelled by the equation
T=10+Ae−Bt
where A and B are constants.
Given that the temperature of the air in the room at the instant the heat source was switched off was 18∘C,
(a) find the value of A
(1)
Given also that, exactly 45 minutes after the heat source was switched off, the temperature of the air in the room was 16∘C,
(b) find the value of B to 3 significant figures.
(3)
Using the values for A and B,
(c) find, according to the model, the rate of change of the temperature of the air in the room exactly two minutes after the heat source was switched off.
Give your answer in ∘Cmin−1 to 3 significant figures.
(2)
(d) Explain why, according to the model, the temperature of the air in the room cannot fall to 5∘C
(1)
题目中文翻译
本题中你必须写出解题过程的所有步骤。
不接受完全依赖计算器技术的解法。
热源关闭后 t 分钟,房间内空气温度为 T∘C,其模型方程为
T=10+Ae−Bt
其中 A 和 B 是常数。
已知热源关闭瞬间房间内空气温度为 18∘C,
(a) 求 A 的值。
又已知热源关闭恰好 45 分钟后,房间内空气温度为 16∘C,
(b) 求 B 的值,精确到 3 位有效数字。
利用 A 和 B 的值,
(c) 根据模型,求热源关闭后恰好 2 分钟时房间内空气温度的变化率。答案以 ∘Cmin−1 为单位,精确到 3 位有效数字。
(d) 解释为什么根据该模型,房间内空气温度不可能降到 5∘C。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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热源关闭瞬间对应 t=0。把 T=18 与 t=0 代入模型,并利用 e0=1。
答题过程
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When t=0, T=18. Therefore,
18=18=10+Ae010+A.
Hence,
A=8.
(b)
解法一
思路
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把 t=45、T=16 与 (a) 的 A=8 代入模型,先把指数项单独放在一边,再取自然对数求 B。
答题过程
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Using A=8, t=45 and T=16,
16=6=e−45B=10+8e−45B8e−45B43.
Taking natural logarithms,
−45B=B===ln(43)−451ln(43)451ln(34)0.00639293…
Therefore, to 3 significant figures,
B=0.00639.
(c)
解法一
思路
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对温度模型求导时,常数 10 的导数为零,而 e−Bt 要使用链式法则,所以会出现负因子 −B。再代入 t=2 以及前两问求得的 A、B。
答题过程
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Differentiating
T=10+Ae−Bt
gives
dtdT=−ABe−Bt.
Using
A=8,B=451ln(34),
when t=2,
dtdT==−8[451ln(34)]×exp[−452ln(34)]−0.0504937…
Hence, to 3 significant figures, the rate of change is
−0.0505 ∘Cmin−1.
(d)
解法一
思路
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A 与 B 都为正,因此指数项始终为正。模型中的温度始终高于 10∘C,并在时间增加时趋近于这个下限,所以不可能降至 5∘C。
答题过程
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Since A>0, B>0 and e−Bt>0,
T=10+Ae−Bt>10.
Also, as t→∞,
e−Bt→0and henceT→10.
Thus 10∘C is the lower limit of the model, so the temperature cannot fall to 5∘C.
解法二
思路
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也可以假设温度达到 5∘C 并代入模型。整理后会要求一个正的指数函数等于负数,形成矛盾。
答题过程
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If T=5, then
5=e−Bt=10+8e−Bt−85.
However, e−Bt>0 for every real value of t, so this equation has no solution. Therefore, according to the model, the temperature cannot fall to 5∘C.