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IAL 2020 Oct Q8

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2020 Oct Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

Relative to a fixed origin OO, the lines l1l_1 and l2l_2 are given by the equations

l1: r=(432)+λ(321)where λ is a scalar parameterl_1:\ \mathbf{r}= \begin{pmatrix} 4\\-3\\2 \end{pmatrix} +\lambda \begin{pmatrix} 3\\-2\\-1 \end{pmatrix} \qquad \text{where }\lambda\text{ is a scalar parameter} l2: r=(209)+μ(213)where μ is a scalar parameterl_2:\ \mathbf{r}= \begin{pmatrix} 2\\0\\-9 \end{pmatrix} +\mu \begin{pmatrix} 2\\-1\\-3 \end{pmatrix} \qquad \text{where }\mu\text{ is a scalar parameter}

Given that l1l_1 and l2l_2 meet at the point XX,

(a) find the position vector of XX.

(5)

The point P(10,7,0)P(10,-7,0) lies on l1l_1

The point QQ lies on l2l_2

Given that PQ\overrightarrow{PQ} is perpendicular to l2l_2

(b) calculate the coordinates of QQ.

(5)
题目中文翻译

相对于固定原点 OO,直线 l1l_1l2l_2 的方程分别为

l1: r=(432)+λ(321)其中 λ 为标量参数l_1:\ \mathbf{r}= \begin{pmatrix} 4\\-3\\2 \end{pmatrix} +\lambda \begin{pmatrix} 3\\-2\\-1 \end{pmatrix} \qquad \text{其中 }\lambda\text{ 为标量参数} l2: r=(209)+μ(213)其中 μ 为标量参数l_2:\ \mathbf{r}= \begin{pmatrix} 2\\0\\-9 \end{pmatrix} +\mu \begin{pmatrix} 2\\-1\\-3 \end{pmatrix} \qquad \text{其中 }\mu\text{ 为标量参数}

已知 l1l_1l2l_2 交于点 XX

(a) 求 XX 的位置向量。

P(10,7,0)P(10,-7,0)l1l_1 上。

QQl2l_2 上。

已知 PQ\overrightarrow{PQ} 垂直于 l2l_2

(b) 求 QQ 的坐标。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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交点 XX 同时在两条直线上,所以对应的三个坐标相等。选取其中两个方程联立求出参数,再代回任一直线。题目要求的是位置向量,因此最后用列向量表示,而不是只写坐标。

答题过程

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At the point of intersection, equating the corresponding coordinates gives

4+3λ=2+2μ,32λ=μ,2λ=93μ.\begin{align*} 4+3\lambda =&\,2+2\mu,\\ -3-2\lambda =&\,-\mu,\\ 2-\lambda =&\,-9-3\mu. \end{align*}

From the second equation,

μ=3+2λ.\mu=3+2\lambda.

Substituting this into the third equation,

2λ=93(3+2λ),2λ=186λ,5λ=20.\begin{align*} 2-\lambda =&\,-9-3(3+2\lambda),\\ 2-\lambda =&\,-18-6\lambda,\\ 5\lambda =&\,-20. \end{align*}

Thus λ=4\lambda=-4 and μ=5\mu=-5. Substituting λ=4\lambda=-4 into l1l_1,

OX=(432)4(321)=(856).\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{OX} =&\, \begin{pmatrix} 4\\-3\\2 \end{pmatrix} -4 \begin{pmatrix} 3\\-2\\-1 \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,\boxed{ \begin{pmatrix} -8\\5\\6 \end{pmatrix}}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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先用参数 μ\mu 表示 l2l_2 上的一般点 QQ,从而写出 PQ\overrightarrow{PQ}。由于 PQ\overrightarrow{PQ} 垂直于 l2l_2,它与 l2l_2 的方向向量点积为零,由此求出 μ\mu 并得到 QQ

答题过程

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A general point QQ on l2l_2 has coordinates

Q=(2+2μ,μ,93μ).Q=(2+2\mu,-\mu,-9-3\mu).

Therefore,

PQ=(2μ87μ93μ).\overrightarrow{PQ} =\begin{pmatrix} 2\mu-8\\7-\mu\\-9-3\mu \end{pmatrix}.

The direction vector of l2l_2 is

d2=(213).\mathbf{d}_2=\begin{pmatrix}2\\-1\\-3\end{pmatrix}.

Since PQ\overrightarrow{PQ} is perpendicular to l2l_2,

PQd2=2(2μ8)(7μ)3(93μ)=0,14μ+4=0.\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{PQ}\boldsymbol{\cdot}\mathbf{d}_2 =&\,2(2\mu-8)-(7-\mu)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-3(-9-3\mu)\\ =&\,0,\\ 14\mu+4 =&\,0. \end{align*}

Thus

μ=27.\mu=-\frac27.

Substituting this into the coordinates of QQ gives

Q=(247,27,9+67)=(107,27,577).\begin{align*} Q =&\,\bigg( 2-\frac47, \frac27, -9+\frac67 \bigg)\\ =&\,\boxed{ \bigg(\frac{10}{7},\frac27,-\frac{57}{7}\bigg)}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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由 (a) 已知 XXl2l_2 上,而 PQl2PQ\perp l_2,所以三角形 PQXPQXQQ 处为直角。用参数表示 PQ2PQ^2QX2QX^2,再应用毕氏定理。所得另一个根对应退化情形 Q=XQ=X,并不满足原来的垂直条件,必须舍去。

答题过程

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From part (a), X=(8,5,6)X=(-8,5,6). Since XX and QQ lie on l2l_2 and PQl2PQ\perp l_2, triangle PQXPQX is right-angled at QQ. Hence,

PQ2+QX2=PX2.PQ^2+QX^2=PX^2.

Now

PQ2=(2μ8)2+(7μ)2+(93μ)2=14μ2+8μ+194.\begin{align*} PQ^2 =&\,(2\mu-8)^2+(7-\mu)^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(-9-3\mu)^2\\ =&\,14\mu^2+8\mu+194. \end{align*}

Since XX corresponds to μ=5\mu=-5 on l2l_2,

QX2=(μ+5)2(22+(1)2+(3)2)=14(μ+5)2.\begin{align*} QX^2 =&\,(\mu+5)^2 \big(2^2+(-1)^2+(-3)^2\big)\\ =&\,14(\mu+5)^2. \end{align*}

Also,

PX2=(810)2+(5+7)2+(60)2=504.\begin{align*} PX^2 =&\,(-8-10)^2+(5+7)^2+(6-0)^2\\ =&\,504. \end{align*}

Therefore,

PQ2+QX2=14μ2+8μ+194+14(μ+5)2=504,28μ2+148μ+40=0,(7μ+2)(μ+5)=0.\begin{align*} PQ^2+QX^2 =&\,14\mu^2+8\mu+194\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+14(\mu+5)^2\\ =&\,504,\\ 28\mu^2+148\mu+40 =&\,0,\\ (7\mu+2)(\mu+5) =&\,0. \end{align*}

Thus μ=27\mu=-\frac27 or μ=5\mu=-5. The value μ=5\mu=-5 gives Q=XQ=X, for which

PQd2=660,\overrightarrow{PQ}\boldsymbol{\cdot}\mathbf{d}_2=-66\ne0,

so it does not satisfy the given perpendicular condition. Hence μ=27\mu=-\frac27, and therefore

Q=(107,27,577).\boxed{Q=\bigg(\frac{10}{7},\frac27,-\frac{57}{7}\bigg)}.

解法三

思路

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PQPQ 垂直于直线 l2l_2 时,QQ 是直线上距离 PP 最近的点。因此可把 PQ2PQ^2 写成 μ\mu 的二次函数;最小化平方距离比直接最小化根式更简洁。

答题过程

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For a general point QQ on l2l_2,

PQ2=14μ2+8μ+194.PQ^2 =14\mu^2+8\mu+194.

At the nearest point to PP, this squared distance is stationary. Therefore,

ddμ(PQ2)=28μ+8=0,μ=27.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\mu}(PQ^2) =&\,28\mu+8=0,\\ \mu =&\,-\frac27. \end{align*}

Since the coefficient of μ2\mu^2 is positive, this stationary value is a minimum. Substituting μ=27\mu=-\frac27 into l2l_2 gives

Q=(107,27,577).\boxed{Q=\bigg(\frac{10}{7},\frac27,-\frac{57}{7}\bigg)}.