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IAL 2021 Oct Q3

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

g(x)=3x3+8x23x6x(x+3)Ax+B+Cx+Dx+3g(x)=\frac{3x^3+8x^2-3x-6}{x(x+3)}\equiv Ax+B+\frac{C}{x}+\frac{D}{x+3}

(a) Find the values of the constants AA, BB, CC and DD.

(5)

A curve has equation

y=g(x)x>0y=g(x)\qquad x>0

Using the answer to part (a),

(b) find g(x)g'(x).

(2)

(c) Hence, explain why g(x)>3g'(x)>3 for all values of xx in the domain of gg.

(1)
题目中文翻译 g(x)=3x3+8x23x6x(x+3)Ax+B+Cx+Dx+3g(x)=\frac{3x^3+8x^2-3x-6}{x(x+3)}\equiv Ax+B+\frac{C}{x}+\frac{D}{x+3}

(a) 求常数 A,B,C,DA,B,C,D 的值。

曲线的方程为

y=g(x)x>0y=g(x)\qquad x>0

利用第 (a) 问的答案,

(b) 求 g(x)g'(x)

(c) 进而说明为什么对于 gg 的定义域内所有 xx 的值,都有 g(x)>3g'(x)>3

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先把等式两边同乘 x(x+3)x(x+3),建立多项式恒等式。代入 x=0x=0x=3x=-3 可直接求出 C,DC,D,再比较 x3,x2x^3,x^2 的系数求出 A,BA,B

答题过程

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Multiplying the identity by x(x+3)x(x+3) gives

3x3+8x23x6(Ax+B)x(x+3)+C(x+3)+Dx.\begin{align*} 3x^3+8x^2-3x-6 \equiv&\,(Ax+B)x(x+3)\\ &\,+C(x+3)+Dx. \end{align*}

Setting x=0x=0 gives

6=3CC=2.-6=3C \quad\Longrightarrow\quad C=-2.

Setting x=3x=-3 gives

6=3DD=2.-6=-3D \quad\Longrightarrow\quad D=2.

Expanding the right-hand side,

3x3+8x23x6Ax3+(3A+B)x2+(3B+C+D)x+3C.\begin{align*} 3x^3+8x^2-3x-6 \equiv&\,Ax^3+(3A+B)x^2\\ &\,+(3B+C+D)x+3C. \end{align*}

Comparing the coefficients of x3x^3 and x2x^2 gives

A=3A=3

and

3A+B=8B=1.3A+B=8 \quad\Longrightarrow\quad B=-1.

Therefore,

A=3,B=1,C=2,D=2.\boxed{A=3,\quad B=-1,\quad C=-2,\quad D=2}.

解法二

思路

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官方替代路线先用多项式除法取出线性商,直接得到 A,BA,B。再把余式部分作部分分式分解,求出 C,DC,D

答题过程

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Dividing the numerator by x(x+3)=x2+3xx(x+3)=x^2+3x gives

3x3+8x23x6=(3x1)(x2+3x)6.\begin{align*} 3x^3+8x^2-3x-6 =&\,(3x-1)(x^2+3x)-6. \end{align*}

Hence,

g(x)=3x16x(x+3).g(x)=3x-1-\frac{6}{x(x+3)}.

Now let

6x(x+3)=Cx+Dx+3.-\frac{6}{x(x+3)} =\frac{C}{x}+\frac{D}{x+3}.

Then

6=C(x+3)+Dx.-6=C(x+3)+Dx.

Setting x=0x=0 gives C=2C=-2, while setting x=3x=-3 gives D=2D=2. Therefore,

A=3,B=1,C=2,D=2.\boxed{A=3,\quad B=-1,\quad C=-2,\quad D=2}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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承接 (a),先写出分解后的 g(x)g(x),再逐项求导。常数项导数为零,而 x1x^{-1} 求导后会产生负号。

答题过程

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From part (a),

g(x)=3x12x+2x+3.g(x)=3x-1-\frac2x+\frac{2}{x+3}.

Differentiating term by term gives

g(x)=3+2x22(x+3)2.\boxed{ g'(x)=3+\frac{2}{x^2}-\frac{2}{(x+3)^2} }.

(c)

解法一

思路

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承接 (b)。定义域中 x>0x>0,所以 x+3>x>0x+3>x>0;分母较小的 1/x21/x^2 较大,因此导数中两项分式之差为正。

答题过程

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Since x>0x>0,

x+3>x>0.x+3>x>0.

Therefore,

2x2>2(x+3)2,\frac{2}{x^2}>\frac{2}{(x+3)^2},

so

2x22(x+3)2>0.\frac{2}{x^2}-\frac{2}{(x+3)^2}>0.

It follows from part (b) that

g(x)>3\boxed{g'(x)>3}

for every xx in the domain of gg.

解法二

思路

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也可以把 (b) 中两个分式合并。所得分母在 x>0x>0 时为正,分子也为正,因此 g(x)g'(x)33 加上一个正数。

答题过程

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From part (b),

g(x)=3+2x22(x+3)2=3+2((x+3)2x2)x2(x+3)2=3+2(6x+9)x2(x+3)2.\begin{align*} g'(x) =&\,3+\frac{2}{x^2}-\frac{2}{(x+3)^2}\\ =&\,3+ \frac{2\big((x+3)^2-x^2\big)} {x^2(x+3)^2}\\ =&\,3+\frac{2(6x+9)}{x^2(x+3)^2}. \end{align*}

For x>0x>0, both 2(6x+9)2(6x+9) and x2(x+3)2x^2(x+3)^2 are positive. Hence,

g(x)>3.\boxed{g'(x)>3}.