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P4 2021 Oct Q3

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

 g(x)= 3x3+8x2−3x−6x(x+3)≡ Ax+B +Cx+Dx+3\begin{align*} &\,g(x)\\ =&\,\frac{3x^3+8x^2-3x-6}{x(x+3)}\\ \equiv&\,Ax+B\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{C}{x}+\frac{D}{x+3} \end{align*}

(a) Find the values of the constants AA, BB, CC and DD.

(5)

A curve has equation

y=g(x)x>0y=g(x)\qquad x>0

Using the answer to part (a),

(b) find g′(x)g'(x).

(2)

(c) Hence, explain why g′(x)>3g'(x)>3 for all values of xx in the domain of gg.

(1)
题目中文翻译  g(x)= 3x3+8x2−3x−6x(x+3)≡ Ax+B +Cx+Dx+3\begin{align*} &\,g(x)\\ =&\,\frac{3x^3+8x^2-3x-6}{x(x+3)}\\ \equiv&\,Ax+B\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{C}{x}+\frac{D}{x+3} \end{align*}

(a) 求常数 A,B,C,DA,B,C,D 的值。

(5)

曲线的方程为

y=g(x)x>0y=g(x)\qquad x>0

利用第 (a) 问的答案,

(b) 求 g′(x)g'(x)。

(2)

(c) 进而说明为什么对于 gg 的定义域内所有 xx 的值,都有 g′(x)>3g'(x)>3。

(1)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先把等式两边同乘 x(x+3)x(x+3),建立多项式恒等式。代入 x=0x=0 和 x=−3x=-3 可直接求出 C,DC,D,再比较 x3,x2x^3,x^2 的系数求出 A,BA,B。

答题过程

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Multiplying the identity by x(x+3)x(x+3) gives

 3x3+8x2−3x−6≡ (Ax+B)x(x+3) +C(x+3)+Dx.\begin{align*} &\,3x^3+8x^2-3x-6\\ \equiv&\,(Ax+B)x(x+3)\\ &\,+C(x+3)+Dx. \end{align*}

Setting x=0x=0 gives

−6= 3C⟹C= −2.\begin{align*} -6=&\,3C\\[4mm] \Longrightarrow\quad C=&\,-2. \end{align*}

Setting x=−3x=-3 gives

−6= −3D⟹D= 2.\begin{align*} -6=&\,-3D\\[4mm] \Longrightarrow\quad D=&\,2. \end{align*}

Expanding the right-hand side,

 3x3+8x2−3x−6≡ Ax3+(3A+B)x2 +(3B+C+D)x +3C.\begin{align*} &\,3x^3+8x^2-3x-6\\ \equiv&\,Ax^3+(3A+B)x^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(3B+C+D)x\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+3C. \end{align*}

Comparing the coefficients of x3x^3 and x2x^2 gives

A=3A=3

and

3A+B= 8,B= −1.\begin{align*} 3A+B=&\,8,\\ B=&\,-1. \end{align*}

Therefore,

A=3,B=−1,C=−2,D=2.\boxed{\begin{gathered} A=3,\quad B=-1,\\ C=-2,\quad D=2 \end{gathered}}.

解法二

思路

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先用多项式除法取出线性商,直接得到 A,BA,B。再把余式部分作部分分式分解,求出 C,DC,D。

答题过程

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Dividing the numerator by x(x+3)=x2+3xx(x+3)=x^2+3x gives

 3x3+8x2−3x−6= (3x−1)(x2+3x)−6.\begin{align*} &\,3x^3+8x^2-3x-6\\ =&\,(3x-1)(x^2+3x)-6. \end{align*}

Hence,

g(x)=3x−1−6x(x+3).g(x)=3x-1-\frac{6}{x(x+3)}.

Now let

−6x(x+3)=Cx+Dx+3.-\frac{6}{x(x+3)} =\frac{C}{x}+\frac{D}{x+3}.

Then

−6=C(x+3)+Dx.-6=C(x+3)+Dx.

Setting x=0x=0 gives C=−2C=-2, while setting x=−3x=-3 gives D=2D=2. Therefore,

A=3,B=−1,C=−2,D=2.\boxed{\begin{gathered} A=3,\quad B=-1,\\ C=-2,\quad D=2 \end{gathered}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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承接 (a),先写出分解后的 g(x)g(x),再逐项求导。常数项导数为零,而 x−1x^{-1} 求导后会产生负号。

答题过程

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From part (a),

g(x)= 3x−1 −2x+2x+3.\begin{align*} g(x)=&\,3x-1\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-\frac2x+\frac{2}{x+3}. \end{align*}

Differentiating term by term gives

g′(x)= 3+2x2 −2(x+3)2.\boxed{ \begin{aligned} g'(x)=&\,3+\frac{2}{x^2}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-\frac{2}{(x+3)^2} \end{aligned} }.

(c)

解法一

思路

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承接 (b)。定义域中 x>0x>0,所以 x+3>x>0x+3>x>0;分母较小的 1/x21/x^2 较大,因此导数中两项分式之差为正。

答题过程

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Since x>0x>0,

x+3>x>0.x+3>x>0.

Therefore,

2x2>2(x+3)2,\frac{2}{x^2}>\frac{2}{(x+3)^2},

so

2x2−2(x+3)2>0.\frac{2}{x^2}-\frac{2}{(x+3)^2}>0.

It follows from part (b) that

g′(x)>3\boxed{g'(x)>3}

for every xx in the domain of gg.

解法二

思路

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也可以把 (b) 中两个分式合并。所得分母在 x>0x>0 时为正,分子也为正,因此 g′(x)g'(x) 是 33 加上一个正数。

答题过程

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From part (b),

 g′(x)= 3+2x2 −2(x+3)2= 3+2((x+3)2−x2)x2(x+3)2= 3+2(6x+9)x2(x+3)2.\begin{align*} &\,g'(x)\\ =&\,3+\frac{2}{x^2}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-\frac{2}{(x+3)^2}\\ =&\,3+ \frac{2\big((x+3)^2-x^2\big)} {x^2(x+3)^2}\\ =&\,3+\frac{2(6x+9)}{x^2(x+3)^2}. \end{align*}

For x>0x>0, both 2(6x+9)2(6x+9) and x2(x+3)2x^2(x+3)^2 are positive. Hence,

g′(x)>3.\boxed{g'(x)>3}.