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IAL 2021 Oct Q7

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

With respect to a fixed origin OO,

  • the line ll has equation
r=(423)+λ(435)\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}4\\2\\-3\end{pmatrix}+\lambda \begin{pmatrix}-4\\-3\\5\end{pmatrix}

where λ\lambda is a scalar constant

  • the point AA has position vector 9i3j+2k9\mathbf{i}-3\mathbf{j}+2\mathbf{k}

Given that XX is the point on ll nearest to AA,

(a) find

(i) the coordinates of XX

(ii) the shortest distance from AA to ll.

Give your answer in the form d\sqrt{d}, where dd is an integer.

(7)

The point BB is the image of AA after reflection in ll.

(b) Find the position vector of BB.

(2)
题目中文翻译

相对于固定原点 OO

  • 直线 ll 的方程为
r=(423)+λ(435)\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}4\\2\\-3\end{pmatrix}+\lambda \begin{pmatrix}-4\\-3\\5\end{pmatrix}

其中 λ\lambda 为标量常数;

  • AA 的位置向量为 9i3j+2k9\mathbf{i}-3\mathbf{j}+2\mathbf{k}

已知 XX 是直线 ll 上距离点 AA 最近的点,

(a) 求

(i) 点 XX 的坐标;

(ii) 点 AA 到直线 ll 的最短距离。

将答案写成 d\sqrt{d} 的形式,其中 dd 为整数。

BB 是点 AA 关于直线 ll 的对称点。

(b) 求点 BB 的位置向量。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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最近点 XX 在直线 ll 上,而且 AXAX 垂直于直线的方向向量。先用参数 λ\lambda 写出 XXAX\overrightarrow{AX},再令点积为零求出 λ\lambda。得到 XX 后,用 AXAX 的模求最短距离。

答题过程

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A general point XX on ll has position vector

OX=(44λ23λ3+5λ).\overrightarrow{OX} =\begin{pmatrix} 4-4\lambda\\ 2-3\lambda\\ -3+5\lambda \end{pmatrix}.

Since A=(9,3,2)A=(9,-3,2),

AX=(54λ53λ5+5λ).\overrightarrow{AX} =\begin{pmatrix} -5-4\lambda\\ 5-3\lambda\\ -5+5\lambda \end{pmatrix}.

At the nearest point, AXAX is perpendicular to the direction vector of ll. Therefore,

(54λ53λ5+5λ)(435)=0.\begin{pmatrix} -5-4\lambda\\ 5-3\lambda\\ -5+5\lambda \end{pmatrix} \boldsymbol{\cdot} \begin{pmatrix} -4\\-3\\5 \end{pmatrix} =0.

Hence,

(54λ)(4)+(53λ)(3)+(5+5λ)(5)=0,20+16λ15+9λ25+25λ=0,50λ20=0.\begin{align*} &\,(-5-4\lambda)(-4) +(5-3\lambda)(-3)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(-5+5\lambda)(5)=0,\\ 20+16\lambda-15+9\lambda &\,-25+25\lambda=0,\\ 50\lambda-20=&\,0. \end{align*}

Thus,

λ=25.\lambda=\frac25.

For part (i),

X=(44(25),23(25),3+5(25))=(125,45,1).\begin{align*} X =&\,\bigg( 4-4\bigg(\frac25\bigg), 2-3\bigg(\frac25\bigg),\\ &\,\hspace{22pt}-3+5\bigg(\frac25\bigg) \bigg)\\ =&\,\boxed{\bigg(\frac{12}{5},\frac45,-1\bigg)}. \end{align*}

For part (ii),

AX=(3351953).\overrightarrow{AX} =\begin{pmatrix} -\frac{33}{5}\\ \frac{19}{5}\\ -3 \end{pmatrix}.

Therefore, the shortest distance is

AX=(335)2+(195)2+(3)2=1089+361+22525=67.\begin{align*} AX =&\,\sqrt{ \bigg(-\frac{33}{5}\bigg)^2 +\bigg(\frac{19}{5}\bigg)^2 +(-3)^2 }\\ =&\,\sqrt{ \frac{1089+361+225}{25} }\\ =&\,\boxed{\sqrt{67}}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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官方替代路线直接把 AX2AX^2 写成 λ\lambda 的二次函数。距离最小时,距离平方也最小,因此令 ddλ(AX2)=0\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\lambda}(AX^2)=0,求出最近点所对应的参数。

答题过程

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For a general point XX on ll,

AX2=(54λ)2+(53λ)2+(5+5λ)2.AX^2 =(-5-4\lambda)^2 +(5-3\lambda)^2 +(-5+5\lambda)^2.

At the minimum distance,

ddλ(AX2)=0.\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\lambda}(AX^2)=0.

Therefore,

8(54λ)6(53λ)+10(5+5λ)=0,40+32λ30+18λ50+50λ=0.\begin{align*} -8(-5-4\lambda) &\,-6(5-3\lambda)\\ &\,+10(-5+5\lambda)=0,\\ 40+32\lambda-30+18\lambda &\,-50+50\lambda=0. \end{align*}

Hence,

100λ40=0λ=25.100\lambda-40=0 \quad\Longrightarrow\quad \lambda=\frac25.

Thus, for part (i),

X=(125,45,1).\boxed{X=\bigg(\frac{12}{5},\frac45,-1\bigg)}.

For part (ii), substituting λ=25\lambda=\frac25 into the expression for AX2AX^2 gives

AX2=(54(25))2+(53(25))2+(5+5(25))2=67.\begin{align*} AX^2 =&\,\bigg(-5-4\bigg(\frac25\bigg)\bigg)^2\\ &\,+\bigg(5-3\bigg(\frac25\bigg)\bigg)^2\\ &\,+\bigg(-5+5\bigg(\frac25\bigg)\bigg)^2\\ =&\,67. \end{align*}

Therefore,

AX=67.\boxed{AX=\sqrt{67}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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BBAA 关于直线 ll 的对称点,因此垂足 XX 是线段 ABAB 的中点。使用 OB=2OXOA\overrightarrow{OB}=2\overrightarrow{OX}-\overrightarrow{OA} 即可求出 BB 的位置向量。

答题过程

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Since XX is the midpoint of ABAB,

OB=2OXOA.\overrightarrow{OB} =2\overrightarrow{OX}-\overrightarrow{OA}.

Therefore,

OB=2(125451)(932)=(2152354).\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{OB} =&\,2 \begin{pmatrix} \frac{12}{5}\\ \frac45\\ -1 \end{pmatrix} -\begin{pmatrix} 9\\-3\\2 \end{pmatrix}\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix} -\frac{21}{5}\\ \frac{23}{5}\\ -4 \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Hence the position vector of BB is

OB=215i+235j4k.\boxed{ \overrightarrow{OB} =-\frac{21}{5}\mathbf{i} +\frac{23}{5}\mathbf{j} -4\mathbf{k} }.