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IAL 2022 Jan Q5

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2022 Jan Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

Figure 2 shows a sketch of the curve with parametric equations

x=94ty=t39+4t0t94x=\sqrt{9-4t}\qquad y=\frac{t^3}{\sqrt{9+4t}}\qquad 0\leq t\leq \frac{9}{4}

The curve touches the xx-axis when t=0t=0 and meets the yy-axis when t=94t=\dfrac{9}{4}

The region RR, shown shaded in Figure 2, is bounded by the curve, the xx-axis and the yy-axis.

(a) Show that the area of RR is given by

K094t38116t2dtK\int_0^{\frac{9}{4}} \frac{t^3}{\sqrt{81-16t^2}}\,dt

where KK is a constant to be found.

(4)

(b) Using the substitution u=8116t2u=81-16t^2, or otherwise, find the exact area of RR.

(Solutions relying on calculator technology are not acceptable.)

(6)
题目中文翻译

图 2 给出了曲线的草图,其参数方程为

x=94ty=t39+4t0t94x=\sqrt{9-4t}\qquad y=\frac{t^3}{\sqrt{9+4t}}\qquad 0\leq t\leq \frac{9}{4}

t=0t=0 时,该曲线与 xx 轴相切;当 t=94t=\dfrac{9}{4} 时,该曲线与 yy 轴相交。

图 2 中阴影部分所示区域 RR 由该曲线、xx 轴和 yy 轴围成。

(a) 证明区域 RR 的面积可表示为

K094t38116t2dtK\int_0^{\frac{9}{4}} \frac{t^3}{\sqrt{81-16t^2}}\,dt

其中 KK 为待求常数。

(b) 使用代换 u=8116t2u=81-16t^2,或用其他方法,求区域 RR 的精确面积。

(不接受依赖计算器技术的解法。)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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参数 tt00 增加到 94\frac94 时,xx33 减小到 00,因此面积积分的参数上下限要反向。先求 dxdt\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t},再代入 A=ydxA=\int y\,\mathrm{d}x,并用平方差合并两个根式。

答题过程

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From

x=(94t)12,x=(9-4t)^{\frac12},

we have

dxdt=294t.\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} =-\frac{2}{\sqrt{9-4t}}.

As tt increases from 00 to 94\frac94, xx decreases from 33 to 00. Hence

A=03ydx=940ydxdtdt=940t39+4t(294t)dt=2094t3(9+4t)(94t)dt=2094t38116t2dt.\begin{align*} A =&\,\int_0^3y\,\mathrm{d}x\\ =&\,\int_{\frac94}^{0} y\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} \,\mathrm{d}t\\ =&\,\int_{\frac94}^{0} \frac{t^3}{\sqrt{9+4t}} \bigg(-\frac{2}{\sqrt{9-4t}}\bigg) \,\mathrm{d}t\\ =&\,2\int_0^{\frac94} \frac{t^3} {\sqrt{(9+4t)(9-4t)}} \,\mathrm{d}t\\ =&\,2\int_0^{\frac94} \frac{t^3}{\sqrt{81-16t^2}} \,\mathrm{d}t. \end{align*}

Therefore,

K=2.\boxed{K=2}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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使用题目指定的换元 u=8116t2u=81-16t^2。把 t3dtt^3\,\mathrm{d}t 拆成 t2(tdt)t^2(t\,\mathrm{d}t),分别用 t2=81u16t^2=\frac{81-u}{16}tdt=132dut\,\mathrm{d}t=-\frac1{32}\,\mathrm{d}u 代换,同时更新积分上下限。

答题过程

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Let

u=8116t2.u=81-16t^2.

Then

du=32tdt,t2=81u16.\mathrm{d}u=-32t\,\mathrm{d}t, \qquad t^2=\frac{81-u}{16}.

The limits become

tu081940\begin{array}{c|c} t&u\\ \hline 0&81\\ \frac94&0 \end{array}

Using the result from part (a),

A=2094t2(tdt)u=281081u16u(132)du=1256081(81u12u12)du=1256[162u1223u32]081=1256(162(9)23(729))=24364 cm2.\begin{align*} A =&\,2\int_0^{\frac94} \frac{t^2(t\,\mathrm{d}t)}{\sqrt{u}}\\ =&\,2\int_{81}^{0} \frac{81-u}{16\sqrt{u}} \bigg(-\frac1{32}\bigg)\,\mathrm{d}u\\ =&\,\frac1{256}\int_0^{81} \big(81u^{-\frac12}-u^{\frac12}\big) \,\mathrm{d}u\\ =&\,\frac1{256} \Bigg[ 162u^{\frac12}-\frac23u^{\frac32} \Bigg]_0^{81}\\ =&\,\frac1{256} \big(162(9)-\frac23(729)\big)\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{243}{64}\text{ cm}^2}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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把被积函数写成 t2t8116t2t^2\cdot\frac{t}{\sqrt{81-16t^2}}。后一个因子能直接积分成根式,所以先做一次分部积分;余下的 t8116t2dt\int t\sqrt{81-16t^2}\,\mathrm{d}t 再直接换元即可。

答题过程

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Since

t8116t2dt=1168116t2,\int\frac{t}{\sqrt{81-16t^2}}\,\mathrm{d}t =-\frac1{16}\sqrt{81-16t^2},

integration by parts gives

t38116t2dt=t2168116t2+18t8116t2dt.\begin{align*} \int\frac{t^3}{\sqrt{81-16t^2}}\,\mathrm{d}t =&\,-\frac{t^2}{16}\sqrt{81-16t^2}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt} +\frac18\int t\sqrt{81-16t^2}\,\mathrm{d}t. \end{align*}

Also,

t8116t2dt=148(8116t2)32.\int t\sqrt{81-16t^2}\,\mathrm{d}t =-\frac1{48}(81-16t^2)^{\frac32}.

Therefore, using K=2K=2 from part (a),

A=[t288116t21192(8116t2)32]094=0(729192)=24364 cm2.\begin{align*} A =&\,\Bigg[ -\frac{t^2}{8}\sqrt{81-16t^2}\\ &\,\hspace{16pt} -\frac1{192}(81-16t^2)^{\frac32} \Bigg]_0^{\frac94}\\ =&\,0-\bigg(-\frac{729}{192}\bigg)\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{243}{64}\text{ cm}^2}. \end{align*}