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P4 2022 Jan Q8

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2022 Jan Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

With respect to a fixed origin OO the points AA and BB have position vectors

(662) and (607)\begin{pmatrix}6\\6\\2\end{pmatrix} \text{ and } \begin{pmatrix}6\\0\\7\end{pmatrix}

respectively.

The line l1l_1 passes through the points AA and BB.

(a) Write down an equation for l1l_1

Give your answer in the form r=p+λq\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{p}+\lambda \mathbf{q}, where λ\lambda is a scalar parameter.

(2)

The line l2l_2 has equation

r=(314)+μ(159)\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}3\\1\\4\end{pmatrix}+\mu \begin{pmatrix}1\\5\\9\end{pmatrix}

where μ\mu is a scalar parameter.

(b) Show that l1l_1 and l2l_2 do not meet.

(4)

The point CC is on l2l_2 where μ=−1\mu=-1

(c) Find the acute angle between ACAC and l2l_2

Give your answer in degrees to one decimal place.

(5)
题目中文翻译

以固定原点 OO 为参考,点 AA 和点 BB 的位置向量分别为

(662) 和 (607)\begin{pmatrix}6\\6\\2\end{pmatrix} \text{ 和 } \begin{pmatrix}6\\0\\7\end{pmatrix}

直线 l1l_1 经过点 AA 和点 BB。

(a) 写出 l1l_1 的方程。

将答案写成 r=p+λq\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{p}+\lambda \mathbf{q} 的形式,其中 λ\lambda 为标量参数。

(2)

直线 l2l_2 的方程为

r=(314)+μ(159)\mathbf{r}=\begin{pmatrix}3\\1\\4\end{pmatrix}+\mu \begin{pmatrix}1\\5\\9\end{pmatrix}

其中 μ\mu 为标量参数。

(b) 证明 l1l_1 与 l2l_2 不相交。

(4)

当 μ=−1\mu=-1 时,点 CC 在直线 l2l_2 上。

(c) 求 ACAC 与 l2l_2 的锐角。

答案用度数表示,并保留到 1 位小数。

(5)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

用点 BB 的位置向量减去点 AA 的位置向量,得到直线 l1l_1 的方向向量;再以 AA 为固定点写出题目要求形式的向量方程。

也可以从 BB 出发,使用反向的方向向量 BA→\overrightarrow{BA};把参数换成 s=1−λs=1-\lambda,便得到同一条直线。

答题过程

展开

The direction vector of l1l_1 is

AB→= (607)−(662)= (0−65).\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{AB} =&\, \begin{pmatrix}6\\0\\7\end{pmatrix} -\begin{pmatrix}6\\6\\2\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix}0\\-6\\5\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Hence

r= (662) +λ(0−65).\begin{align*} \mathbf{r} =&\,\begin{pmatrix}6\\6\\2\end{pmatrix}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt} +\lambda\begin{pmatrix}0\\-6\\5\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

where λ\lambda is a scalar parameter.

Equivalently, starting from BB and using BA→\overrightarrow{BA},

r= (607) +s(06−5),\begin{align*} \mathbf{r}=&\,\begin{pmatrix}6\\0\\7\end{pmatrix}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+s\begin{pmatrix}0\\6\\-5\end{pmatrix}, \end{align*}

where s=1−λs=1-\lambda.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

假设两条直线相交,则同一组 λ,μ\lambda,\mu 必须同时满足三个坐标方程。先由第一式求出 μ\mu,再分别代入第二、第三式;所得 λ\lambda 不一致,因此不存在交点。

也可以先解第二、第三个坐标方程,再将得到的参数代入第一个方程检查;只要三个坐标不能同时相等,两条直线就不相交。

答题过程

展开

If l1l_1 and l2l_2 meet, the corresponding components of their vector equations must be equal. Hence

6= 3+μ,6−6λ= 1+5μ,2+5λ= 4+9μ.\begin{align*} 6=&\,3+\mu,\\ 6-6\lambda=&\,1+5\mu,\\ 2+5\lambda=&\,4+9\mu. \end{align*}

The first equation gives μ=3\mu=3.

The second equation then gives

6−6λ= 16λ= −53,\begin{align*} 6-6\lambda=&\,16\\ \lambda=&\,-\frac53, \end{align*}

whereas the third equation gives

2+5λ= 31λ= 295.\begin{align*} 2+5\lambda=&\,31\\ \lambda=&\,\frac{29}{5}. \end{align*}

These values of λ\lambda are inconsistent. Therefore,

l1 and l2 do not meet.\boxed{l_1\text{ and }l_2\text{ do not meet}}.

Alternatively, the second and third component equations give

6λ+5μ= 5,5λ−9μ= 2.\begin{align*} 6\lambda+5\mu=&\,5,\\ 5\lambda-9\mu=&\,2. \end{align*}

Multiply the first equation by 55 and the second by 66, then subtract to eliminate λ\lambda:

79μ= 13,μ= 1379,λ= 5579.\begin{align*} 79\mu=&\,13,\\ \mu=&\,\frac{13}{79},\\ \lambda=&\,\frac{55}{79}. \end{align*}

However, the first component equation would require

6=3+1379=25079,6=3+\frac{13}{79}=\frac{250}{79},

which is false. Hence the three equations cannot hold simultaneously, so l1l_1 and l2l_2 do not meet.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

先把 μ=−1\mu=-1 代入 l2l_2 求出点 CC,再求 AC→\overrightarrow{AC}。用 AC→\overrightarrow{AC} 与 l2l_2 的方向向量作点积;因为题目要求锐角,所以余弦取点积的绝对值。

答题过程

展开

When μ=−1\mu=-1,

OC→= (314)−(159)= (2−4−5).\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{OC} =&\, \begin{pmatrix}3\\1\\4\end{pmatrix} -\begin{pmatrix}1\\5\\9\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix}2\\-4\\-5\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Hence

AC→= OC→−OA→= (2−4−5)−(662)= (−4−10−7).\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{AC} =&\,\overrightarrow{OC}-\overrightarrow{OA}\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix}2\\-4\\-5\end{pmatrix} -\begin{pmatrix}6\\6\\2\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\, \begin{pmatrix}-4\\-10\\-7\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Let θ\theta be the acute angle between ACAC and l2l_2. A direction vector of l2l_2 is

d=(159).\mathbf{d}=\begin{pmatrix}1\\5\\9\end{pmatrix}.

The scalar product and magnitudes are

AC→⋅d= −4−50−63= −117,∣AC→∣= 16+100+49= 165,∣d∣= 1+25+81= 107.\begin{align*} \overrightarrow{AC}\boldsymbol{\cdot}\mathbf{d}=&\,-4-50-63\\ =&\,-117,\\ \big|\overrightarrow{AC}\big|=&\,\sqrt{16+100+49}\\ =&\,\sqrt{165},\\ |\mathbf{d}|=&\,\sqrt{1+25+81}\\ =&\,\sqrt{107}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

 cos⁡θ= ∣AC→⋅d∣∣AC→∣ ∣d∣= ∣−117∣165107= 117165107.\begin{align*} &\,\cos\theta\\ =&\, \frac{ \big|\overrightarrow{AC}\boldsymbol{\cdot}\mathbf{d}\big| }{ \big|\overrightarrow{AC}\big|\,|\mathbf{d}| }\\ =&\, \frac{|-117|}{\sqrt{165}\sqrt{107}}\\ =&\,\frac{117}{\sqrt{165}\sqrt{107}}. \end{align*}

Hence

θ= cos⁡−1(117165107)= 28.3∘.\begin{align*} \theta =&\,\cos^{-1}\bigg( \frac{117}{\sqrt{165}\sqrt{107}} \bigg)\\ =&\,28.3^\circ. \end{align*}

Therefore, to one decimal place, the required acute angle is

28.3∘.\boxed{28.3^\circ}.