题目
Problem
A spherical ball of ice of radius 12 cm is placed in a bucket of water.
In a model of the situation,
- the ball remains spherical as it melts
- t minutes after the ball of ice is placed in the bucket, its radius is r cm
- the rate of decrease of the radius of the ball of ice is inversely proportional to the square of the radius
- the radius of the ball of ice is 6 cm after 15 minutes
Using the model and the information given,
(a) find an equation linking r and t,
(5)
(b) find the time taken for the ball of ice to melt completely.
(2)
(c) On Diagram 1 on page 27, sketch a graph of r against t.
(1)
题目中文翻译
一个半径为 12 cm 的球形冰球被放入一桶水中。
在该情境的模型中:
- 冰球融化时始终保持球形
- 冰球放入桶中后 t 分钟时,它的半径为 r cm
- 冰球半径的减小速率与半径平方成反比
- 15 分钟后冰球半径为 6 cm
利用该模型和所给信息,
(a) 求联系 r 与 t 的方程;
(b) 求冰球完全融化所需的时间;
(c) 在第 27 页的 Diagram 1 上,画出 r 关于 t 的图像草图。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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“半径的减小速率与半径平方成反比”表示 dtdr=−r2k,其中 k>0。分离变量并积分后,先用初始半径 12 求积分常数,再用 t=15 时 r=6 求比例常数。
答题过程
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Since the radius is decreasing at a rate inversely proportional to r2,
dtdr=−r2k,k>0.
Separating the variables,
r2dr=−kdt.
Integrating,
31r3=−kt+C.
When t=0, r=12, so
C=31(123)=576.
When t=15, r=6, so
31(63)=72=k=−15k+576,−15k+576,5168.
Therefore,
31r3=−5168t+576.
An equation linking r and t is
r3=1728−5504t.
(b)
解法一
思路
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冰球完全融化时半径为 0。令 (a) 中的 r=0,即可求出对应时间,并按题目语境保留分钟单位。
答题过程
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When the ball has melted completely, r=0. Hence
0=1728−5504t.
Therefore,
t===5041728×5712017.1…
Thus the time taken is
7120 minutes≈17.1 minutes.
(c)
解法一
思路
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由 (a) 可写成 r=(1728−5504t)1/3。图像从 (0,12) 开始,在第一象限内下降;由于 dtdr=−r2k,随着 r 变小,斜率的绝对值越来越大,所以曲线越来越陡,并在 (7120,0) 结束。
答题过程
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The graph:
- starts at (0,12);
- decreases entirely within the first quadrant;
- becomes progressively steeper as r decreases;
- meets the t-axis at (7120,0).