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P4 2022 Oct Q10

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2022 Oct Paper · Question 10

题目

Problem

A spherical ball of ice of radius 1212 cm is placed in a bucket of water.

In a model of the situation,

  • the ball remains spherical as it melts
  • tt minutes after the ball of ice is placed in the bucket, its radius is rr cm
  • the rate of decrease of the radius of the ball of ice is inversely proportional to the square of the radius
  • the radius of the ball of ice is 66 cm after 1515 minutes

Using the model and the information given,

(a) find an equation linking rr and tt,

(5)

(b) find the time taken for the ball of ice to melt completely.

(2)

(c) On Diagram 1 on page 27, sketch a graph of rr against tt.

(1)
题目中文翻译

一个半径为 1212 cm 的球形冰球被放入一桶水中。

在该情境的模型中:

  • 冰球融化时始终保持球形
  • 冰球放入桶中后 tt 分钟时,它的半径为 rr cm
  • 冰球半径的减小速率与半径平方成反比
  • 1515 分钟后冰球半径为 66 cm

利用该模型和所给信息,

(a) 求联系 rr 与 tt 的方程;

(5)

(b) 求冰球完全融化所需的时间;

(2)

(c) 在第 27 页的 Diagram 1 上,画出 rr 关于 tt 的图像草图。

(1)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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“半径的减小速率与半径平方成反比”表示 drdt=−kr2\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}=-\frac{k}{r^2},其中 k>0k>0。分离变量并积分后,先用初始半径 1212 求积分常数,再用 t=15t=15 时 r=6r=6 求比例常数。

答题过程

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Since the radius is decreasing at a rate inversely proportional to r2r^2,

drdt=−kr2,\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t} =-\frac{k}{r^2},

where k>0k>0.

Separating the variables,

r2 dr=−k dt.r^2\,\mathrm{d}r=-k\,\mathrm{d}t.

Integrating,

13r3=−kt+C.\frac13r^3=-kt+C.

When t=0t=0, r=12r=12, so

C=13(123)=576.C=\frac13(12^3)=576.

When t=15t=15, r=6r=6, so

13(63)= −15k+576,72= −15k+576,15k= 504,k= 1685.\begin{align*} \frac13(6^3)=&\,-15k+576,\\ 72=&\,-15k+576,\\ 15k=&\,504,\\ k=&\,\frac{168}{5}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

13r3=−1685t+576.\frac13r^3=-\frac{168}{5}t+576.

An equation linking rr and tt is

r3=1728−5045t.\boxed{r^3=1728-\frac{504}{5}t}.

解法二:体积的变化率

思路

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球的体积为 V=43πr3V=\frac43\pi r^3。用链式法则把体积变化率与半径变化率联系起来,r2r^2 因子恰好约去,因此体积按常速减少。利用两个时刻的体积求出线性关系,再代回球体积公式,得到 rr 与 tt 的方程。

答题过程

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Let VV be the volume of the ball, in cm3\text{cm}^3. Then

V=43πr3.V=\frac43\pi r^3.

Since drdt=−kr2\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}=-\frac{k}{r^2} with k>0k>0, the chain rule gives

dVdt= dVdrdrdt= 4πr2(−kr2)= −4πk.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}t} =&\,\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}r} \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}\\ =&\,4\pi r^2\bigg(-\frac{k}{r^2}\bigg)\\ =&\,-4\pi k. \end{align*}

Thus the volume decreases at a constant rate. Writing β=4πk>0\beta=4\pi k>0 and integrating,

V=−βt+C.V=-\beta t+C.

At t=0t=0, r=12r=12, so

C= 43π(123)= 2304π.\begin{align*} C=&\,\frac43\pi(12^3)\\ =&\,2304\pi. \end{align*}

At t=15t=15, r=6r=6, so

V=43π(63)=288π.V=\frac43\pi(6^3)=288\pi.

Therefore,

288π= −15β+2304π,15β= 2016π,β= 672π5.\begin{align*} 288\pi=&\,-15\beta+2304\pi,\\ 15\beta=&\,2016\pi,\\ \beta=&\,\frac{672\pi}{5}. \end{align*}

Hence

V=2304π−672π5t.V=2304\pi-\frac{672\pi}{5}t.

Substituting V=43πr3V=\frac43\pi r^3 gives

43πr3=2304π−672π5t.\frac43\pi r^3=2304\pi-\frac{672\pi}{5}t.

Dividing by 43π\frac43\pi,

r3=1728−5045t.\boxed{r^3=1728-\frac{504}{5}t}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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冰球完全融化时半径为 00。令 (a) 中的 r=0r=0,即可求出对应时间,并按题目语境保留分钟单位。

答题过程

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When the ball has melted completely, r=0r=0. Hence

0=1728−5045t.0=1728-\frac{504}{5}t.

Therefore,

t= 1728×5504= 1207= 17.1…\begin{align*} t =&\,\frac{1728\times5}{504}\\ =&\,\frac{120}{7}\\ =&\,17.1\ldots \end{align*}

Thus the time taken is

1207 minutes.\boxed{\frac{120}{7}\text{ minutes}}.

This is approximately 17.117.1 minutes.

Using the volume equation from (a), complete melting also corresponds to V=0V=0, so

0= 2304π−672π5t,t= 2304×5672= 1207 minutes.\begin{align*} 0=&\,2304\pi-\frac{672\pi}{5}t,\\ t=&\,\frac{2304\times5}{672}\\ =&\,\frac{120}{7}\text{ minutes}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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由 (a) 可写成 r=(1728−5045t)1/3r=(1728-\frac{504}{5}t)^{1/3}。图像从 (0,12)(0,12) 开始,在第一象限内下降;由于 drdt=−kr2\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}=-\frac{k}{r^2},随着 rr 变小,斜率的绝对值越来越大,所以曲线越来越陡,并在 (1207,0)(\frac{120}{7},0) 结束。

答题过程

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The graph:

  • starts at (0,12)(0,12);
  • decreases entirely within the first quadrant;
  • becomes progressively steeper as rr decreases;
  • meets the tt-axis at (1207,0)\big(\frac{120}{7},0\big).