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P4 2023 Jan Q1

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

f(x)=5x+10(1−x)(2+3x)\mathrm{f}(x)=\frac{5x+10}{(1-x)(2+3x)}

(a) Write f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) in partial fraction form.

(3)

(b) (i) Hence find, in ascending powers of xx up to and including the terms in x2x^2, the binomial series expansion of f(x)\mathrm{f}(x). Give each coefficient as a simplified fraction.

(5)

(ii) Find the range of values of xx for which this expansion is valid.

(1)
题目中文翻译 f(x)=5x+10(1−x)(2+3x)\mathrm{f}(x)=\frac{5x+10}{(1-x)(2+3x)}

(a) 将 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 写成部分分式形式。

(3)

(b) (i) 进而求 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 的二项级数展开式,按 xx 的升幂排列,保留到并包括 x2x^2 项。将每个系数写成最简分数。

(5)

(ii) 求该展开式成立时 xx 的取值范围。

(1)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

设两个部分分式分别为 A1−x\frac{A}{1-x} 和 B2+3x\frac{B}{2+3x}。通分后分别代入使两个一次因式为零的 xx 值,可以快速求出 AA 和 BB。

答题过程

展开

Let

f(x)= A1−x +B2+3x.\begin{align*} \mathrm{f}(x)=&\,\frac{A}{1-x}\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{B}{2+3x}. \end{align*}

Multiplying through gives the identity

5x+10≡ A(2+3x) +B(1−x).\begin{align*} 5x+10\equiv&\,A(2+3x)\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+B(1-x). \end{align*}

Setting x=1x=1 gives 15=5A15=5A, so A=3A=3.

Setting x=−23x=-\frac23 and multiplying by 33 gives 20=5B20=5B, so B=4B=4.

Therefore,

f(x)= 31−x +42+3x.\begin{align*} \mathrm{f}(x)=&\,\frac{3}{1-x}\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{4}{2+3x}. \end{align*}

也可以比较 xx 的系数和常数项:

3A−B= 5,2A+B= 10.\begin{align*} 3A-B=&\,5,\\ 2A+B=&\,10. \end{align*}

两式相加得 5A=155A=15,于是 A=3A=3、B=4B=4。

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

承接 (a),分别展开两个部分分式。第一项使用 (1−x)−1(1-x)^{-1};第二项先从分母提出 22,再展开 (1+3x2)−1\big(1+\frac{3x}{2}\big)^{-1}。保留到 x2x^2 后合并,注意一次项正好抵消。这是最直接满足题目“进而”要求的主法。

答题过程

展开

From part (a), let

U=3(1−x)−1U=3(1-x)^{-1}

and

V=2(1+3x2)−1.V=2\bigg(1+\frac{3x}{2}\bigg)^{-1}.

Then f(x)=U+V\mathrm{f}(x)=U+V. Using

(1+u)−1= 1−u +u2+⋯ ,\begin{align*} (1+u)^{-1}=&\,1-u\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+u^2+\cdots, \end{align*}

we obtain

U=3+3x+3x2+⋯U=3+3x+3x^2+\cdots

and

V=2−3x+92x2+⋯ .V=2-3x+\frac92x^2+\cdots.

Adding the coefficients gives the constant term 3+2=53+2=5, the coefficient of xx as 3−3=03-3=0, and

coefficient of x2= 3+92= 152.\begin{align*} \text{coefficient of }x^2=&\,3+\frac92\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{15}{2}. \end{align*}

Hence

f(x)=5+152x2+⋯.\boxed{\mathrm{f}(x)=5+\frac{15}{2}x^2+\cdots}.

第二项也可以不先提出 22,而直接对 (2+3x)−1(2+3x)^{-1} 使用二项展开。其常数项为 12\frac12,一次项为 (−1)2−2(3x)=−34x(-1)2^{-2}(3x)=-\frac34x,二次项为

 (−1)(−2)2 2−3(3x)2= 98x2.\begin{align*} &\,\frac{(-1)(-2)}{2}\,2^{-3}(3x)^2\\[4mm] =&\,\frac98x^2. \end{align*}

再乘以 44,仍得 V=2−3x+92x2+⋯V=2-3x+\frac92x^2+\cdots。这是同一部分分式展开的写法变形。

解法二

思路

展开

分别展开原分母中两个因子的倒数,相乘后再乘分子。这一方法直接使用原分母,不需要 (a) 的部分分式结果。相乘时只收集常数项、xx 项和 x2x^2 项,避免漏掉交叉项。

答题过程

展开

Let

U=(1−x)−1,U=(1-x)^{-1}, V=(2+3x)−1,V=(2+3x)^{-1},

so f(x)=(10+5x)UV\mathrm{f}(x)=(10+5x)UV.

The binomial expansions are

U=1+x+x2+⋯U=1+x+x^2+\cdots

and, using V=12(1+3x2)−1V=\frac12\big(1+\frac{3x}{2}\big)^{-1},

V= 12 −34x +98x2+⋯ .\begin{align*} V=&\,\frac12\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}-\frac34x\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{4pt}+\frac98x^2+\cdots. \end{align*}

Write W=UVW=UV. Its constant term is 12\frac12. The coefficient of xx is

 2−34= −14,\begin{align*} &\,\frac{2-3}{4}\\[4mm] =&\,-\frac14, \end{align*}

and the coefficient of x2x^2 is

 4−6+98= 78.\begin{align*} &\,\frac{4-6+9}{8}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac78. \end{align*}

Here the three contributions to the quadratic coefficient come from x2×12x^2\times\frac12, x×(−34x)x\times(-\frac34x) and 1×98x21\times\frac98x^2. Thus

W= 12 −14x +78x2+⋯ .\begin{align*} W=&\,\frac12\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}-\frac14x\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{4pt}+\frac78x^2+\cdots. \end{align*}

Since f(x)=10W+5xW\mathrm{f}(x)=10W+5xW, its constant term is 55. Its coefficient of xx is −10+104=0\frac{-10+10}{4}=0, and its coefficient of x2x^2 is

 70−108= 152.\begin{align*} &\,\frac{70-10}{8}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{15}{2}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

f(x)=5+152x2+⋯.\boxed{\mathrm{f}(x)=5+\frac{15}{2}x^2+\cdots}.

解法三

思路

展开

先把分母合并成 2+x−3x22+x-3x^2,提出 22 后使用 (1+u)−1(1+u)^{-1} 的二项展开,其中 u=x−3x22u=\frac{x-3x^2}{2}。只保留到 x2x^2 时,u2u^2 只需保留 14x2\frac14x^2。

答题过程

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First,

 (1−x)(2+3x)= 2+x−3x2.\begin{align*} &\,(1-x)(2+3x)\\[4mm] =&\,2+x-3x^2. \end{align*}

Let

u=x−3x22u=\frac{x-3x^2}{2}

and H=(1+u)−1H=(1+u)^{-1}. Then

f(x)=(5+52x)H.\mathrm{f}(x)=\bigg(5+\frac52x\bigg)H.

Using

H=1−u+u2+⋯H=1-u+u^2+\cdots

and retaining terms only up to x2x^2,

u2=14x2+⋯ .u^2=\frac14x^2+\cdots.

The linear coefficient of HH is −12-\frac12. The quadratic coefficient is 32+14=74\frac32+\frac14=\frac74. Therefore,

H= 1−12x +74x2+⋯ .\begin{align*} H=&\,1-\frac12x\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac74x^2+\cdots. \end{align*}

Multiplying HH by 5+52x5+\frac52x, the constant term is 55, the coefficient of xx is −5+52=0\frac{-5+5}{2}=0, and the coefficient of x2x^2 is

 35−54= 152.\begin{align*} &\,\frac{35-5}{4}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{15}{2}. \end{align*}

Hence

f(x)=5+152x2+⋯.\boxed{\mathrm{f}(x)=5+\frac{15}{2}x^2+\cdots}.

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

从部分分式的两个二项展开分别写出有效条件,再取交集。第二个条件较严格,最终只写两者同时成立的范围。

答题过程

展开

The expansion of (1−x)−1(1-x)^{-1} requires

∣x∣<1.|x|<1.

The expansion of (1+3x2)−1\big(1+\frac{3x}{2}\big)^{-1} requires

∣3x2∣<1,\bigg|\frac{3x}{2}\bigg|<1,

so

∣x∣<23.|x|<\frac23.

Both conditions must hold. Hence the required range is

−23<x<23.\boxed{-\frac23<x<\frac23}.