题目
Problem
f ( x ) = 5 x + 10 ( 1 − x ) ( 2 + 3 x ) \mathrm{f}(x)=\frac{5x+10}{(1-x)(2+3x)} f ( x ) = ( 1 − x ) ( 2 + 3 x ) 5 x + 10
(a) Write f ( x ) \mathrm{f}(x) f ( x ) in partial fraction form.
(3)
(b) (i) Hence find, in ascending powers of x x x up to and including the terms in x 2 x^2 x 2 , the binomial series expansion of f ( x ) \mathrm{f}(x) f ( x ) . Give each coefficient as a simplified fraction.
(5)
(ii) Find the range of values of x x x for which this expansion is valid.
(1)
题目中文翻译
f ( x ) = 5 x + 10 ( 1 − x ) ( 2 + 3 x ) \mathrm{f}(x)=\frac{5x+10}{(1-x)(2+3x)} f ( x ) = ( 1 − x ) ( 2 + 3 x ) 5 x + 10
(a) 将 f ( x ) \mathrm{f}(x) f ( x ) 写成部分分式形式。
(3)
(b) (i) 进而求 f ( x ) \mathrm{f}(x) f ( x ) 的二项级数展开式,按 x x x 的升幂排列,保留到并包括 x 2 x^2 x 2 项。将每个系数写成最简分数。
(5)
(ii) 求该展开式成立时 x x x 的取值范围。
(1)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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设两个部分分式分别为 A 1 − x \frac{A}{1-x} 1 − x A 和 B 2 + 3 x \frac{B}{2+3x} 2 + 3 x B 。通分后分别代入使两个一次因式为零的 x x x 值,可以快速求出 A A A 和 B B B 。
答题过程
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Let
f ( x ) = A 1 − x + B 2 + 3 x . \begin{align*}
\mathrm{f}(x)=&\,\frac{A}{1-x}\\[4mm]
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{B}{2+3x}.
\end{align*} f ( x ) = 1 − x A + 2 + 3 x B .
Multiplying through gives the identity
5 x + 10 ≡ A ( 2 + 3 x ) + B ( 1 − x ) . \begin{align*}
5x+10\equiv&\,A(2+3x)\\[4mm]
&\,\hspace{2pt}+B(1-x).
\end{align*} 5 x + 10 ≡ A ( 2 + 3 x ) + B ( 1 − x ) .
Setting x = 1 x=1 x = 1 gives 15 = 5 A 15=5A 15 = 5 A , so A = 3 A=3 A = 3 .
Setting x = − 2 3 x=-\frac23 x = − 3 2 and multiplying by 3 3 3 gives
20 = 5 B 20=5B 20 = 5 B , so B = 4 B=4 B = 4 .
Therefore,
f ( x ) = 3 1 − x + 4 2 + 3 x . \begin{align*}
\mathrm{f}(x)=&\,\frac{3}{1-x}\\[4mm]
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{4}{2+3x}.
\end{align*} f ( x ) = 1 − x 3 + 2 + 3 x 4 .
也可以比较 x x x 的系数和常数项:
3 A − B = 5 , 2 A + B = 10. \begin{align*}
3A-B=&\,5,\\
2A+B=&\,10.
\end{align*} 3 A − B = 2 A + B = 5 , 10.
两式相加得 5 A = 15 5A=15 5 A = 15 ,于是 A = 3 A=3 A = 3 、B = 4 B=4 B = 4 。
(b)(i)
解法一
思路
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承接 (a),分别展开两个部分分式。第一项使用 ( 1 − x ) − 1 (1-x)^{-1} ( 1 − x ) − 1 ;第二项先从分母提出 2 2 2 ,再展开 ( 1 + 3 x 2 ) − 1 \big(1+\frac{3x}{2}\big)^{-1} ( 1 + 2 3 x ) − 1 。保留到 x 2 x^2 x 2 后合并,注意一次项正好抵消。这是最直接满足题目“进而”要求的主法。
答题过程
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From part (a), let
U = 3 ( 1 − x ) − 1 U=3(1-x)^{-1} U = 3 ( 1 − x ) − 1
and
V = 2 ( 1 + 3 x 2 ) − 1 . V=2\bigg(1+\frac{3x}{2}\bigg)^{-1}. V = 2 ( 1 + 2 3 x ) − 1 .
Then f ( x ) = U + V \mathrm{f}(x)=U+V f ( x ) = U + V . Using
( 1 + u ) − 1 = 1 − u + u 2 + ⋯ , \begin{align*}
(1+u)^{-1}=&\,1-u\\[4mm]
&\,\hspace{2pt}+u^2+\cdots,
\end{align*} ( 1 + u ) − 1 = 1 − u + u 2 + ⋯ ,
we obtain
U = 3 + 3 x + 3 x 2 + ⋯ U=3+3x+3x^2+\cdots U = 3 + 3 x + 3 x 2 + ⋯
and
V = 2 − 3 x + 9 2 x 2 + ⋯ . V=2-3x+\frac92x^2+\cdots. V = 2 − 3 x + 2 9 x 2 + ⋯ .
Adding the coefficients gives the constant term 3 + 2 = 5 3+2=5 3 + 2 = 5 ,
the coefficient of x x x as 3 − 3 = 0 3-3=0 3 − 3 = 0 , and
coefficient of x 2 = 3 + 9 2 = 15 2 . \begin{align*}
\text{coefficient of }x^2=&\,3+\frac92\\[4mm]
=&\,\frac{15}{2}.
\end{align*} coefficient of x 2 = = 3 + 2 9 2 15 .
Hence
f ( x ) = 5 + 15 2 x 2 + ⋯ . \boxed{\mathrm{f}(x)=5+\frac{15}{2}x^2+\cdots}. f ( x ) = 5 + 2 15 x 2 + ⋯ .
第二项也可以不先提出 2 2 2 ,而直接对 ( 2 + 3 x ) − 1 (2+3x)^{-1} ( 2 + 3 x ) − 1 使用二项展开。其常数项为 1 2 \frac12 2 1 ,一次项为 ( − 1 ) 2 − 2 ( 3 x ) = − 3 4 x (-1)2^{-2}(3x)=-\frac34x ( − 1 ) 2 − 2 ( 3 x ) = − 4 3 x ,二次项为
( − 1 ) ( − 2 ) 2 2 − 3 ( 3 x ) 2 = 9 8 x 2 . \begin{align*}
&\,\frac{(-1)(-2)}{2}\,2^{-3}(3x)^2\\[4mm]
=&\,\frac98x^2.
\end{align*} = 2 ( − 1 ) ( − 2 ) 2 − 3 ( 3 x ) 2 8 9 x 2 .
再乘以 4 4 4 ,仍得 V = 2 − 3 x + 9 2 x 2 + ⋯ V=2-3x+\frac92x^2+\cdots V = 2 − 3 x + 2 9 x 2 + ⋯ 。这是同一部分分式展开的写法变形。
解法二
思路
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分别展开原分母中两个因子的倒数,相乘后再乘分子。这一方法直接使用原分母,不需要 (a) 的部分分式结果。相乘时只收集常数项、x x x 项和 x 2 x^2 x 2 项,避免漏掉交叉项。
答题过程
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Let
U = ( 1 − x ) − 1 , U=(1-x)^{-1}, U = ( 1 − x ) − 1 ,
V = ( 2 + 3 x ) − 1 , V=(2+3x)^{-1}, V = ( 2 + 3 x ) − 1 ,
so f ( x ) = ( 10 + 5 x ) U V \mathrm{f}(x)=(10+5x)UV f ( x ) = ( 10 + 5 x ) U V .
The binomial expansions are
U = 1 + x + x 2 + ⋯ U=1+x+x^2+\cdots U = 1 + x + x 2 + ⋯
and, using V = 1 2 ( 1 + 3 x 2 ) − 1 V=\frac12\big(1+\frac{3x}{2}\big)^{-1} V = 2 1 ( 1 + 2 3 x ) − 1 ,
V = 1 2 − 3 4 x + 9 8 x 2 + ⋯ . \begin{align*}
V=&\,\frac12\\[4mm]
&\,\hspace{2pt}-\frac34x\\[4mm]
&\,\hspace{4pt}+\frac98x^2+\cdots.
\end{align*} V = 2 1 − 4 3 x + 8 9 x 2 + ⋯ .
Write W = U V W=UV W = U V . Its constant term is 1 2 \frac12 2 1 .
The coefficient of x x x is
2 − 3 4 = − 1 4 , \begin{align*}
&\,\frac{2-3}{4}\\[4mm]
=&\,-\frac14,
\end{align*} = 4 2 − 3 − 4 1 ,
and the coefficient of x 2 x^2 x 2 is
4 − 6 + 9 8 = 7 8 . \begin{align*}
&\,\frac{4-6+9}{8}\\[4mm]
=&\,\frac78.
\end{align*} = 8 4 − 6 + 9 8 7 .
Here the three contributions to the quadratic coefficient come
from x 2 × 1 2 x^2\times\frac12 x 2 × 2 1 , x × ( − 3 4 x ) x\times(-\frac34x) x × ( − 4 3 x ) and 1 × 9 8 x 2 1\times\frac98x^2 1 × 8 9 x 2 .
Thus
W = 1 2 − 1 4 x + 7 8 x 2 + ⋯ . \begin{align*}
W=&\,\frac12\\[4mm]
&\,\hspace{2pt}-\frac14x\\[4mm]
&\,\hspace{4pt}+\frac78x^2+\cdots.
\end{align*} W = 2 1 − 4 1 x + 8 7 x 2 + ⋯ .
Since f ( x ) = 10 W + 5 x W \mathrm{f}(x)=10W+5xW f ( x ) = 10 W + 5 x W , its constant term is 5 5 5 .
Its coefficient of x x x is − 10 + 10 4 = 0 \frac{-10+10}{4}=0 4 − 10 + 10 = 0 , and
its coefficient of x 2 x^2 x 2 is
70 − 10 8 = 15 2 . \begin{align*}
&\,\frac{70-10}{8}\\[4mm]
=&\,\frac{15}{2}.
\end{align*} = 8 70 − 10 2 15 .
Therefore,
f ( x ) = 5 + 15 2 x 2 + ⋯ . \boxed{\mathrm{f}(x)=5+\frac{15}{2}x^2+\cdots}. f ( x ) = 5 + 2 15 x 2 + ⋯ .
解法三
思路
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先把分母合并成 2 + x − 3 x 2 2+x-3x^2 2 + x − 3 x 2 ,提出 2 2 2 后使用 ( 1 + u ) − 1 (1+u)^{-1} ( 1 + u ) − 1 的二项展开,其中 u = x − 3 x 2 2 u=\frac{x-3x^2}{2} u = 2 x − 3 x 2 。只保留到 x 2 x^2 x 2 时,u 2 u^2 u 2 只需保留 1 4 x 2 \frac14x^2 4 1 x 2 。
答题过程
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First,
( 1 − x ) ( 2 + 3 x ) = 2 + x − 3 x 2 . \begin{align*}
&\,(1-x)(2+3x)\\[4mm]
=&\,2+x-3x^2.
\end{align*} = ( 1 − x ) ( 2 + 3 x ) 2 + x − 3 x 2 .
Let
u = x − 3 x 2 2 u=\frac{x-3x^2}{2} u = 2 x − 3 x 2
and H = ( 1 + u ) − 1 H=(1+u)^{-1} H = ( 1 + u ) − 1 . Then
f ( x ) = ( 5 + 5 2 x ) H . \mathrm{f}(x)=\bigg(5+\frac52x\bigg)H. f ( x ) = ( 5 + 2 5 x ) H .
Using
H = 1 − u + u 2 + ⋯ H=1-u+u^2+\cdots H = 1 − u + u 2 + ⋯
and retaining terms only up to x 2 x^2 x 2 ,
u 2 = 1 4 x 2 + ⋯ . u^2=\frac14x^2+\cdots. u 2 = 4 1 x 2 + ⋯ .
The linear coefficient of H H H is − 1 2 -\frac12 − 2 1 .
The quadratic coefficient is 3 2 + 1 4 = 7 4 \frac32+\frac14=\frac74 2 3 + 4 1 = 4 7 .
Therefore,
H = 1 − 1 2 x + 7 4 x 2 + ⋯ . \begin{align*}
H=&\,1-\frac12x\\[4mm]
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac74x^2+\cdots.
\end{align*} H = 1 − 2 1 x + 4 7 x 2 + ⋯ .
Multiplying H H H by 5 + 5 2 x 5+\frac52x 5 + 2 5 x , the constant term is 5 5 5 ,
the coefficient of x x x is − 5 + 5 2 = 0 \frac{-5+5}{2}=0 2 − 5 + 5 = 0 , and
the coefficient of x 2 x^2 x 2 is
35 − 5 4 = 15 2 . \begin{align*}
&\,\frac{35-5}{4}\\[4mm]
=&\,\frac{15}{2}.
\end{align*} = 4 35 − 5 2 15 .
Hence
f ( x ) = 5 + 15 2 x 2 + ⋯ . \boxed{\mathrm{f}(x)=5+\frac{15}{2}x^2+\cdots}. f ( x ) = 5 + 2 15 x 2 + ⋯ .
(b)(ii)
解法一
思路
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从部分分式的两个二项展开分别写出有效条件,再取交集。第二个条件较严格,最终只写两者同时成立的范围。
答题过程
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The expansion of ( 1 − x ) − 1 (1-x)^{-1} ( 1 − x ) − 1 requires
∣ x ∣ < 1. |x|<1. ∣ x ∣ < 1.
The expansion of ( 1 + 3 x 2 ) − 1 \big(1+\frac{3x}{2}\big)^{-1} ( 1 + 2 3 x ) − 1 requires
∣ 3 x 2 ∣ < 1 , \bigg|\frac{3x}{2}\bigg|<1, 2 3 x < 1 ,
so
∣ x ∣ < 2 3 . |x|<\frac23. ∣ x ∣ < 3 2 .
Both conditions must hold. Hence the required range is
− 2 3 < x < 2 3 . \boxed{-\frac23<x<\frac23}. − 3 2 < x < 3 2 .