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P4 2023 Jan Q7

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

The volume VV cm3^3 of a spherical balloon with radius rr cm is given by the formula

V=43πr3V=\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3

(a) Find

dVdr\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}r}

giving your answer in simplest form.

(1)

At time tt seconds, the volume of the balloon is increasing according to the differential equation

dVdt= 900(2t+3)2,t≥0.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}t}=&\,\frac{900}{(2t+3)^2},\\[4mm] &t\ge 0. \end{align*}

Given that V=0V=0 when t=0t=0

(b) (i) solve this differential equation to show that

V=300t2t+3V=\frac{300t}{2t+3}

(ii) Hence find the upper limit to the volume of the balloon.

(5)

(c) Find the radius of the balloon at t=3t=3, giving your answer in cm to 3 significant figures.

(3)

(d) Find the rate of increase of the radius of the balloon at t=3t=3, giving your answer to 2 significant figures. Show your working and state the units of your answer.

(3)
题目中文翻译

半径为 rr cm 的球形气球,其体积 VV cm3^3 由下式给出:

V=43πr3V=\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3

(a) 求

dVdr\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}r}

并将答案化为最简形式。

(1)

在时刻 tt 秒时,气球体积按照下列微分方程增加:

dVdt= 900(2t+3)2,t≥0.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}t}=&\,\frac{900}{(2t+3)^2},\\[4mm] &t\ge 0. \end{align*}

已知当 t=0t=0 时,V=0V=0。

(b) (i) 解这个微分方程,并证明以下等式:

V=300t2t+3V=\frac{300t}{2t+3}

(ii) 进而求气球体积的上限。

(5)

(c) 求当 t=3t=3 时气球的半径,答案精确到 3 位有效数字,单位为 cm。

(3)

(d) 求当 t=3t=3 时气球半径的增长率,答案精确到 2 位有效数字。写出过程并说明答案的单位。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

把 43π\frac{4}{3}\pi 视为常数,对 r3r^3 求导并化简。

答题过程

展开

Differentiating with respect to rr,

dVdr= 43π(3r2)= 4πr2.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}r} =&\,\frac43\pi(3r^2)\\ =&\,\boxed{4\pi r^2}. \end{align*}

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

对给出的 dVdt\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}t} 关于 tt 积分,得到含积分常数的 VV。利用 t=0t=0 时 V=0V=0 求出常数,再把结果通分成题目指定的形式。

答题过程

展开

Integrating with respect to tt,

V= ∫900(2t+3)−2 dt= −4502t+3+C.\begin{align*} V=&\,\int 900(2t+3)^{-2}\,\mathrm{d}t\\[4mm] =&\,-\frac{450}{2t+3}+C. \end{align*}

Using V=0V=0 when t=0t=0,

0=−4503+C,0=-\frac{450}{3}+C,

so

C=150.C=150.

Hence

V= 150−4502t+3= 300t+450−4502t+3= 300t2t+3.\begin{align*} V=&\,150-\frac{450}{2t+3}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{300t+450-450}{2t+3}\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac{300t}{2t+3}}. \end{align*}

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

由于 t≥0t\geq 0,体积会随时间增加并趋近一个上限。对上一问所得的 VV 取 t→∞t\to\infty 的极限即可。

答题过程

展开

As t→∞t\to\infty, the ratio of the linear numerator and denominator tends to the ratio of their leading coefficients:

V= 300t2t+3⟶ 150.\begin{align*} V=&\,\frac{300t}{2t+3}\\[4mm] \longrightarrow&\,150. \end{align*}

Therefore, the upper limit of the volume is

150 cm3.\boxed{150\text{ cm}^3}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

先把 t=3t=3 代入体积公式求出此时的 VV,再代入球体体积公式解出 rr,最后按要求取 3 位有效数字。

答题过程

展开

When t=3t=3,

V=300(3)2(3)+3=100.V=\frac{300(3)}{2(3)+3}=100.

Using V=43πr3V=\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3,

100=43πr3.100=\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3.

Thus

r= (75π)13= 2.879…\begin{align*} r=&\,\bigg(\frac{75}{\pi}\bigg)^{\frac13}\\[4mm] =&\,2.879\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore, to 3 significant figures,

r=2.88 cm.\boxed{r=2.88\text{ cm}}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

体积 VV 同时依赖半径 rr,而半径又随时间 tt 变化,因此使用链式法则

dVdt=dVdrdrdt.\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}t} =\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}r} \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}.

把 t=3t=3、上一问的半径及 dVdr=4πr2\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}r}=4\pi r^2 代入,即可求出半径的增长率。

答题过程

展开

By the chain rule,

dVdt= dVdrdrdt= 4πr2drdt.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}t} =&\,\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}r} \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}\\[4mm] =&\,4\pi r^2\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}. \end{align*}

At t=3t=3,

dVdt= 900(2(3)+3)2= 1009.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}t} =&\,\frac{900}{(2(3)+3)^2}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{100}{9}. \end{align*}

Using

r=(75π)13,r=\bigg(\frac{75}{\pi}\bigg)^{\frac13},

we obtain

4πr2drdt=1009.4\pi r^2\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t} =\frac{100}{9}.

Using the unrounded value of rr, let K=4πr2K=4\pi r^2. Then

K=104.187941573…K=104.187941573\ldots

and

drdt= 1009K= 0.1066…\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t} =&\,\frac{100}{9K}\\[4mm] =&\,0.1066\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore, to 2 significant figures,

drdt=0.11 cm s−1.\boxed{\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t} =0.11\text{ cm s}^{-1}}.