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IAL 2023 Jan Q8

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

A curve CC has parametric equations

x=sin2ty=2tant0t<π2x=\sin^2 t\qquad y=2\tan t\qquad 0\le t<\frac{\pi}{2}

The point PP with parameter t=π4t=\dfrac{\pi}{4} lies on CC.

The line ll is the normal to CC at PP, as shown in Figure 3.

(a) Show, using calculus, that an equation for ll is

8y+2x=178y+2x=17
(5)

The region SS, shown shaded in Figure 3, is bounded by CC, ll and the xx-axis.

(b) Find, using calculus, the exact area of SS.

(6)
题目中文翻译

本题中你必须写出解题过程的所有步骤。

完全依赖计算器技术的解法不被接受。

曲线 CC 的参数方程为

x=sin2ty=2tant0t<π2x=\sin^2 t\qquad y=2\tan t\qquad 0\le t<\frac{\pi}{2}

参数为 t=π4t=\dfrac{\pi}{4} 的点 PP 在曲线 CC 上。

如图 3 所示,直线 ll 是曲线 CC 在点 PP 处的法线。

(a) 用微积分证明,直线 ll 的一个方程为

8y+2x=178y+2x=17

图 3 中阴影所示区域 SSCCll 以及 xx 轴围成。

(b) 用微积分求 SS 的精确面积。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先把 t=π4t=\frac{\pi}{4} 代入参数方程求出点 PP。然后分别求 dxdt\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}dydt\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t},由参数方程的求导公式得到切线斜率;法线斜率是其负倒数,最后用点斜式整理成题目要求的方程。

答题过程

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At t=π4t=\frac{\pi}{4},

x=sin2π4=12x=\sin^2\frac{\pi}{4}=\frac{1}{2}

and

y=2tanπ4=2.y=2\tan\frac{\pi}{4}=2.

Therefore,

P=(12,2).P=\bigg(\frac{1}{2},2\bigg).

Differentiating the parametric equations,

dxdt=2sintcost\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} =2\sin t\cos t

and

dydt=2sec2t.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t} =2\sec^2t.

Hence

dydx=dydt÷dxdt=2sec2t2sintcost.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =&\,\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t} \div\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\\ =&\,\frac{2\sec^2t}{2\sin t\cos t}. \end{align*}

At t=π4t=\frac{\pi}{4},

dydx=2(2)2(22)(22)=4.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} =\frac{2(2)}{2(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2})(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2})} =4.

The gradient of the normal is therefore 14-\frac14. Using the point PP,

y2=14(x12),8y16=2x+1,8y+2x=17.\begin{align*} y-2=&\,-\frac14\bigg(x-\frac12\bigg),\\ 8y-16=&\,-2x+1,\\ 8y+2x=&\,17. \end{align*}

Thus the required equation of ll is

8y+2x=17.\boxed{8y+2x=17}.

解法二

思路

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这是官方评分资料接受的另一条路线。先利用 tan2t=sin2t1sin2t\tan^2t=\frac{\sin^2t}{1-\sin^2t} 消去参数,得到 x,yx,y 的笛卡尔关系;再进行隐式求导,同样求出 PP 点的切线与法线斜率。

答题过程

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Since

x=sin2tx=\sin^2t

and

y2=4tan2t,y^2=4\tan^2t,

we obtain

y2=4sin2tcos2t=4x1x.\begin{align*} y^2 =&\,4\frac{\sin^2t}{\cos^2t}\\ =&\,\frac{4x}{1-x}. \end{align*}

Equivalently,

y2(1x)=4x.y^2(1-x)=4x.

Differentiating implicitly with respect to xx,

2y(1x)dydxy2=4.2y(1-x)\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} -y^2=4.

At P=(12,2)P=(\frac12,2),

2(2)(112)dydx22=4,2(2)\bigg(1-\frac12\bigg) \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} -2^2=4,

so

dydx=4.\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=4.

The normal therefore has gradient 14-\frac14, and

y2=14(x12),8y+2x=17.\begin{align*} y-2=&\,-\frac14\bigg(x-\frac12\bigg),\\ 8y+2x=&\,17. \end{align*}

Therefore,

8y+2x=17.\boxed{8y+2x=17}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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区域 SS 可分成两部分:从原点到 PP 的曲线下方面积,以及从 PP 到法线与 xx 轴交点的三角形面积。曲线部分用参数积分 ydxdtdt\int y\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\,\mathrm{d}t,上下限由 t=0t=0t=π4t=\frac{\pi}{4} 得到。

答题过程

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The area under CC from OO to PP is

0π4ydxdtdt.\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} y\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\,\mathrm{d}t.

Using y=2tanty=2\tan t and dxdt=2sintcost\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=2\sin t\cos t,

0π4ydxdtdt=0π42tant(2sintcost)dt=0π44sin2tdt=0π4(22cos2t)dt=[2tsin2t]0π4=π21.\begin{align*} \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} y\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\,\mathrm{d}t =&\,\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} 2\tan t\big(2\sin t\cos t\big)\,\mathrm{d}t\\ =&\,\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}4\sin^2t\,\mathrm{d}t\\ =&\,\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \big(2-2\cos2t\big)\,\mathrm{d}t\\ =&\,\big[2t-\sin2t\big]_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\\ =&\,\frac{\pi}{2}-1. \end{align*}

The line ll meets the xx-axis when y=0y=0. From

8y+2x=17,8y+2x=17,

its xx-intercept is 172\frac{17}{2}. The area under ll from PP to this intercept is a triangle with base

17212=8\frac{17}{2}-\frac12=8

and height 22. Its area is therefore

12(8)(2)=8.\frac12(8)(2)=8.

Hence the exact area of SS is

π21+8=π2+7.\boxed{\frac{\pi}{2}-1+8 =\frac{\pi}{2}+7}.