题目
Problem
(a) Prove by contradiction that for all positive numbers k
k+k9≥6
(4)
(b) Show that the result in part (a) is not true for all real numbers.
(1)
题目中文翻译
(a) 用反证法证明:对所有正数 k,
k+k9≥6
成立。
(4)
(b) 证明 (a) 中的结论并不对所有实数都成立。
(1)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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按反证法,假设存在正数 k 使 k+9/k<6。因为 k>0,乘以 k 时不等号方向不变;整理后得到平方小于 0,与实数平方非负矛盾。
答题过程
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Assume, for a contradiction, that there exists a positive number k such that
k+k9<6.
Since k>0, multiplying by k does not reverse the inequality:
k2+9<k2−6k+9<(k−3)2<6k,0,0.
This is impossible because the square of a real number is non-negative.
Therefore the assumption is false, and
k+k9≥6
for every positive number k.
也可以直接因式分解:从上述假设移项可得
k(k−3)2<0,
而分子非负、分母为正,矛盾。左边也可写成
(k−k3)2,
同样不可能为负。
也可以将假设两边平方。因 k>0,左边为正,所以
0<k+k9<6
implies
(k+k9)2<36.
Expanding and rearranging,
k2+18+k281<k2−18+k281<(k−k9)2<36,0,0.
Again a square cannot be negative. Hence the assumption is false and k+9/k≥6 for all positive k.
也可在同一个反证设定下反向展开 (k−3)2≥0,再除以正数 k,直接得到 k+9/k≥6,与假设矛盾;无须复制整套平方运算。
解法二
思路
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保留反证设定,令 f(k)=k2−6k+9,假设会使 f(k)<0。也可以用判别式说明这个开口向上的二次函数只有重根,因而不可能取负值。
答题过程
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Assume, for a contradiction, that for some k>0,
k+k9<6.
Multiplying by the positive number k gives
k2−6k+9<0.
Let
f(k)=k2−6k+9.
The discriminant of f(k)=0 is
Δ==(−6)2−4(1)(9)0.
The repeated root is
k=26=3.
Since the coefficient of k2 is positive, the quadratic touches, but never goes below, the horizontal axis. Thus f(k)≥0, contradicting f(k)<0.
Therefore
k+k9≥6
for all positive k.
这一结论的图形解释是:y=f(k) 为开口向上的抛物线,顶点 (3,0) 位于横轴,曲线不在横轴下方。它与上述重根判断是同一几何事实,这里不再另写重复的草图解法。
解法三
思路
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在同一个反证假设下,二次式必须小于 0。也可以对该二次式求导,证明其最小值为 0,由此得到矛盾。
答题过程
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Assume, for a contradiction, that for some k>0,
k+k9<6.
Because k>0, this gives
k2−6k+9<0.
Set
f(k)=k2−6k+9.
Differentiate:
f′(k)=2k−6.
A stationary point satisfies
2k−6=0,
so k=3.
Since
f′′(k)=2>0,
and f is a quadratic, this point is its minimum.
At k=3,
f(3)=9−18+9=0.
Hence f(k)≥0, which contradicts the assumed f(k)<0.
Therefore
k+k9≥6
for all positive k.
(b)
解法一
思路
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只需给出一个反例。取 k=−3,左边为 −6,不满足“大于或等于 6”。也可以指出任意负数 k 都使两项为负。
答题过程
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Take k=−3. Then
k+k9==−3+−39−6<6.
Thus k=−3 is a counterexample, so the result is not true for all real numbers.
More generally, if k<0, then 9/k<0, and therefore
k+k9<0<6.
So every negative value of k is a counterexample.