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P4 2023 Oct Q4

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2023 Oct Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

(a) Prove by contradiction that for all positive numbers kk

k+9k≥6k+\frac{9}{k}\ge 6
(4)

(b) Show that the result in part (a) is not true for all real numbers.

(1)
题目中文翻译

(a) 用反证法证明:对所有正数 kk,

k+9k≥6k+\frac{9}{k}\ge 6

成立。

(4)

(b) 证明 (a) 中的结论并不对所有实数都成立。

(1)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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按反证法,假设存在正数 kk 使 k+9/k<6k+9/k<6。因为 k>0k>0,乘以 kk 时不等号方向不变;整理后得到平方小于 00,与实数平方非负矛盾。

答题过程

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Assume, for a contradiction, that there exists a positive number kk such that

k+9k<6.k+\frac9k<6.

Since k>0k>0, multiplying by kk does not reverse the inequality:

k2+9< 6k,k2−6k+9< 0,(k−3)2< 0.\begin{align*} k^2+9<&\,6k,\\ k^2-6k+9<&\,0,\\ (k-3)^2<&\,0. \end{align*}

This is impossible because the square of a real number is non-negative.

Therefore the assumption is false, and

k+9k≥6\boxed{k+\frac9k\ge6}

for every positive number kk.

也可以直接因式分解:从上述假设移项可得

(k−3)2k<0,\frac{(k-3)^2}{k}<0,

而分子非负、分母为正,矛盾。左边也可写成

(k−3k)2,\Big(\sqrt{k}-\frac3{\sqrt{k}}\Big)^2,

同样不可能为负。

也可以将假设两边平方。因 k>0k>0,左边为正,所以

0<k+9k<60<k+\frac9k<6

implies

(k+9k)2<36.\Big(k+\frac9k\Big)^2<36.

Expanding and rearranging,

k2+18+81k2< 36,k2−18+81k2< 0,(k−9k)2< 0.\begin{align*} k^2+18+\frac{81}{k^2}<&\,36,\\ k^2-18+\frac{81}{k^2}<&\,0,\\ \Big(k-\frac9k\Big)^2<&\,0. \end{align*}

Again a square cannot be negative. Hence the assumption is false and k+9/k≥6k+9/k\ge6 for all positive kk.

也可在同一个反证设定下反向展开 (k−3)2≥0(k-3)^2\ge0,再除以正数 kk,直接得到 k+9/k≥6k+9/k\ge6,与假设矛盾;无须复制整套平方运算。

解法二

思路

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保留反证设定,令 f(k)=k2−6k+9f(k)=k^2-6k+9,假设会使 f(k)<0f(k)<0。也可以用判别式说明这个开口向上的二次函数只有重根,因而不可能取负值。

答题过程

展开

Assume, for a contradiction, that for some k>0k>0,

k+9k<6.k+\frac9k<6.

Multiplying by the positive number kk gives

k2−6k+9<0.k^2-6k+9<0.

Let

f(k)=k2−6k+9.f(k)=k^2-6k+9.

The discriminant of f(k)=0f(k)=0 is

Δ= (−6)2−4(1)(9)= 0.\begin{align*} \Delta=&\,(-6)^2-4(1)(9)\\ =&\,0. \end{align*}

The repeated root is

k=62=3.k=\frac6{2}=3.

Since the coefficient of k2k^2 is positive, the quadratic touches, but never goes below, the horizontal axis. Thus f(k)≥0f(k)\ge0, contradicting f(k)<0f(k)<0.

Therefore

k+9k≥6\boxed{k+\frac9k\ge6}

for all positive kk.

这一结论的图形解释是:y=f(k)y=f(k) 为开口向上的抛物线,顶点 (3,0)(3,0) 位于横轴,曲线不在横轴下方。它与上述重根判断是同一几何事实,这里不再另写重复的草图解法。

解法三

思路

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在同一个反证假设下,二次式必须小于 00。也可以对该二次式求导,证明其最小值为 00,由此得到矛盾。

答题过程

展开

Assume, for a contradiction, that for some k>0k>0,

k+9k<6.k+\frac9k<6.

Because k>0k>0, this gives

k2−6k+9<0.k^2-6k+9<0.

Set

f(k)=k2−6k+9.f(k)=k^2-6k+9.

Differentiate:

f′(k)=2k−6.f'(k)=2k-6.

A stationary point satisfies

2k−6=0,2k-6=0,

so k=3k=3.

Since

f′′(k)=2>0,f''(k)=2>0,

and ff is a quadratic, this point is its minimum.

At k=3k=3,

f(3)=9−18+9=0.f(3)=9-18+9=0.

Hence f(k)≥0f(k)\ge0, which contradicts the assumed f(k)<0f(k)<0.

Therefore

k+9k≥6\boxed{k+\frac9k\ge6}

for all positive kk.

(b)

解法一

思路

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只需给出一个反例。取 k=−3k=-3,左边为 −6-6,不满足“大于或等于 66”。也可以指出任意负数 kk 都使两项为负。

答题过程

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Take k=−3k=-3. Then

k+9k= −3+9−3= −6<6.\begin{align*} k+\frac9k=&\,-3+\frac9{-3}\\ =&\,-6<6. \end{align*}

Thus k=−3k=-3 is a counterexample, so the result is not true for all real numbers.

More generally, if k<0k<0, then 9/k<09/k<0, and therefore

k+9k<0<6.k+\frac9k<0<6.

So every negative value of kk is a counterexample.