题目
Problem
A cone, shown in Figure 2, has
fixed height 5 5 5 cm
base radius r r r cm
slant height l l l cm
(a) Find an expression for l l l in terms of r r r .
(1)
Given that the base radius is increasing at a constant rate of 3 3 3 cm per minute,
(b) find the rate at which the total surface area of the cone is changing when the radius of the cone is 1.5 1.5 1.5 cm. Give your answer in cm2 ^2 2 per minute to one decimal place.
[The total surface area, S S S , of a cone is given by the formula S = π r 2 + π r l S=\pi r^2+\pi rl S = π r 2 + π r l ]
(4)
题目中文翻译
图 2 所示圆锥满足:
高固定为 5 5 5 cm;
底面半径为 r r r cm;
母线长为 l l l cm。
(a) 用 r r r 表示 l l l 。
(1)
已知底面半径以每分钟 3 3 3 cm 的恒定速率增加,
(b) 求当圆锥半径为 1.5 1.5 1.5 cm 时,圆锥总表面积的变化率。答案用 cm2 ^2 2 每分钟表示,并保留到 1 位小数。
[圆锥总表面积 S S S 的公式为 S = π r 2 + π r l S=\pi r^2+\pi rl S = π r 2 + π r l ]
(4)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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圆锥的高、半径和母线长组成直角三角形。高固定为 5 5 5 ,底面半径为 r r r ,母线长 l l l 是斜边,所以直接用勾股定理。
答题过程
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By Pythagoras’ theorem,
l 2 = r 2 + 5 2 . l^2=r^2+5^2. l 2 = r 2 + 5 2 .
Since l > 0 l>0 l > 0 ,
l = r 2 + 25 . \boxed{l=\sqrt{r^2+25}}. l = r 2 + 25 .
(b)
解法一
思路
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先把总表面积写成 r r r 的函数,求导后乘已知半径变化率。用短记号表示母线长,可以避免嵌套根式分母;也可通过根号变形或改用 l l l 的链式关系计算。
答题过程
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Using part (a),
S = π r 2 + π r r 2 + 25 . S=\pi r^2+\pi r\sqrt{r^2+25}. S = π r 2 + π r r 2 + 25 .
Let u = r 2 + 25 u=\sqrt{r^2+25} u = r 2 + 25 . Then
d u d r = r u . \frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}r}=\frac r u. d r d u = u r .
The product rule gives
d S d r = 2 π r + π u + π r 2 u . \begin{align*}
\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}r}
=&\,2\pi r+\pi u\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{\pi r^2}{u}.
\end{align*} d r d S = 2 π r + π u + u π r 2 .
When r = 1.5 r=1.5 r = 1.5 ,
u = 27.25 = 109 2 . u=\sqrt{27.25}=\frac{\sqrt{109}}2. u = 27.25 = 2 109 .
Hence at this radius,
d S d r = 3 π + π 109 2 + 9 π 2 109 . \begin{align*}
\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}r}
=&\,3\pi+\frac{\pi\sqrt{109}}2\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{9\pi}{2\sqrt{109}}.
\end{align*} d r d S = 3 π + 2 π 109 + 2 109 9 π .
By the chain rule,
d S d t = d S d r d r d t . \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t}
=\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}r}
\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}. d t d S = d r d S d t d r .
With d r d t = 3 \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}=3 d t d r = 3 ,
d S d t = 9 π + 177 π 109 = 81.535404 … . \begin{align*}
\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t}
=&\,9\pi+\frac{177\pi}{\sqrt{109}}\\
=&\,81.535404\ldots.
\end{align*} d t d S = = 9 π + 109 177 π 81.535404 … .
Therefore the required rate is
81.5 cm 2 per minute . \boxed{81.5\text{ cm}^2\text{ per minute}}. 81.5 cm 2 per minute .
也可以把 r r r 移入根号后求导;这只是同一 S ( r ) S(r) S ( r ) 路线的变形:
S = π r 2 + π 25 r 2 + r 4 , S=\pi r^2+\pi\sqrt{25r^2+r^4}, S = π r 2 + π 25 r 2 + r 4 ,
d S d r = 2 π r + π ( 25 r + 2 r 3 ) 25 r 2 + r 4 . \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}r}
=2\pi r+\frac{\pi(25r+2r^3)}
{\sqrt{25r^2+r^4}}. d r d S = 2 π r + 25 r 2 + r 4 π ( 25 r + 2 r 3 ) .
Since r > 0 r>0 r > 0 , this is the same derivative as above.
也可改用母线长 l l l :由 r = l 2 − 25 r=\sqrt{l^2-25} r = l 2 − 25 ,
S = π ( l 2 − 25 ) + π l r , S=\pi(l^2-25)+\pi l r, S = π ( l 2 − 25 ) + π l r ,
and
d S d l = 2 π l + π r + π l 2 r , \begin{align*}
\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}l}
=&\,2\pi l+\pi r\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{\pi l^2}{r},
\end{align*} d l d S = 2 π l + π r + r π l 2 ,
while
d l d t = 3 r l . \frac{\mathrm{d}l}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{3r}{l}. d t d l = l 3 r .
Their product is
d S d t = 6 π r + 3 π l + 3 π r 2 l , \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t}
=6\pi r+3\pi l+\frac{3\pi r^2}{l}, d t d S = 6 π r + 3 π l + l 3 π r 2 ,
which again gives 81.5 cm 2 81.5\text{ cm}^2 81.5 cm 2 per minute at r = 1.5 r=1.5 r = 1.5 .
解法二
思路
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保留 S = π r 2 + π r l S=\pi r^2+\pi rl S = π r 2 + π r l ,直接对时间求导。先用 l 2 = r 2 + 25 l^2=r^2+25 l 2 = r 2 + 25 求母线变化率,再代入表面积变化率。
答题过程
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From l 2 = r 2 + 25 l^2=r^2+25 l 2 = r 2 + 25 ,
2 l d l d t = 2 r d r d t . 2l\frac{\mathrm{d}l}{\mathrm{d}t}
=2r\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}. 2 l d t d l = 2 r d t d r .
Thus, since d r d t = 3 \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}=3 d t d r = 3 ,
d l d t = 3 r l . \frac{\mathrm{d}l}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{3r}{l}. d t d l = l 3 r .
Differentiating S = π r 2 + π r l S=\pi r^2+\pi rl S = π r 2 + π r l with respect to time gives
d S d t = 2 π r d r d t + π l d r d t + π r d l d t . \begin{align*}
\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t}
=&\,2\pi r\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\pi l\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}\\
&\,\hspace{4pt}+\pi r\frac{\mathrm{d}l}{\mathrm{d}t}.
\end{align*} d t d S = 2 π r d t d r + π l d t d r + π r d t d l .
At r = 1.5 r=1.5 r = 1.5 ,
l = 109 2 , l=\frac{\sqrt{109}}2, l = 2 109 ,
and
d l d t = 9 109 . \frac{\mathrm{d}l}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac9{\sqrt{109}}. d t d l = 109 9 .
Substituting these values gives
d S d t = 9 π + 3 π 109 2 + 27 π 2 109 = 81.535404 … . \begin{align*}
\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t}
=&\,9\pi+\frac{3\pi\sqrt{109}}2\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{27\pi}{2\sqrt{109}}\\
=&\,81.535404\ldots.
\end{align*} d t d S = = 9 π + 2 3 π 109 + 2 109 27 π 81.535404 … .
Therefore
81.5 cm 2 per minute . \boxed{81.5\text{ cm}^2\text{ per minute}}. 81.5 cm 2 per minute .
解法三
思路
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由恒定半径变化率得到 r = 3 t + c r=3t+c r = 3 t + c ,选择时间原点后令 r = 3 t r=3t r = 3 t ,把表面积写成 S ( t ) S(t) S ( t ) 再求导。
答题过程
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Since d r d t = 3 \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}=3 d t d r = 3 ,
r = 3 t + c . r=3t+c. r = 3 t + c .
Choose the time origin so that c = 0 c=0 c = 0 . Then r = 3 t r=3t r = 3 t , and part (a) gives
l = 25 + 9 t 2 . l=\sqrt{25+9t^2}. l = 25 + 9 t 2 .
Hence
S = 9 π t 2 + 3 π t 25 + 9 t 2 . S=9\pi t^2+3\pi t\sqrt{25+9t^2}. S = 9 π t 2 + 3 π t 25 + 9 t 2 .
Put v = 25 + 9 t 2 v=\sqrt{25+9t^2} v = 25 + 9 t 2 . Then
d v d t = 9 t v . \frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{9t}{v}. d t d v = v 9 t .
Differentiating with respect to t t t ,
d S d t = 18 π t + 3 π v + 27 π t 2 v . \begin{align*}
\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t}
=&\,18\pi t+3\pi v\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{27\pi t^2}{v}.
\end{align*} d t d S = 18 π t + 3 π v + v 27 π t 2 .
When r = 1.5 r=1.5 r = 1.5 , t = 0.5 t=0.5 t = 0.5 and v = 109 2 v=\frac{\sqrt{109}}2 v = 2 109 . Thus
d S d t = 9 π + 3 π 109 2 + 27 π 2 109 = 81.535404 … . \begin{align*}
\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t}
=&\,9\pi+\frac{3\pi\sqrt{109}}2\\
&\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{27\pi}{2\sqrt{109}}\\
=&\,81.535404\ldots.
\end{align*} d t d S = = 9 π + 2 3 π 109 + 2 109 27 π 81.535404 … .
So the required rate is
81.5 cm 2 per minute . \boxed{81.5\text{ cm}^2\text{ per minute}}. 81.5 cm 2 per minute .