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P4 2024 Jan Q4

A Level / Edexcel / P4

IAL 2024 Jan Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

A cone, shown in Figure 2, has

  • fixed height 55 cm
  • base radius rr cm
  • slant height ll cm

(a) Find an expression for ll in terms of rr.

(1)

Given that the base radius is increasing at a constant rate of 33 cm per minute,

(b) find the rate at which the total surface area of the cone is changing when the radius of the cone is 1.51.5 cm. Give your answer in cm2^2 per minute to one decimal place.

[The total surface area, SS, of a cone is given by the formula S=πr2+πrlS=\pi r^2+\pi rl]

(4)
题目中文翻译

图 2 所示圆锥满足:

  • 高固定为 55 cm;
  • 底面半径为 rr cm;
  • 母线长为 ll cm。

(a) 用 rr 表示 ll。

(1)

已知底面半径以每分钟 33 cm 的恒定速率增加,

(b) 求当圆锥半径为 1.51.5 cm 时,圆锥总表面积的变化率。答案用 cm2^2 每分钟表示,并保留到 1 位小数。

[圆锥总表面积 SS 的公式为 S=πr2+πrlS=\pi r^2+\pi rl]

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

圆锥的高、半径和母线长组成直角三角形。高固定为 55,底面半径为 rr,母线长 ll 是斜边,所以直接用勾股定理。

答题过程

展开

By Pythagoras’ theorem,

l2=r2+52.l^2=r^2+5^2.

Since l>0l>0,

l=r2+25.\boxed{l=\sqrt{r^2+25}}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先把总表面积写成 rr 的函数,求导后乘已知半径变化率。用短记号表示母线长,可以避免嵌套根式分母;也可通过根号变形或改用 ll 的链式关系计算。

答题过程

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Using part (a),

S=πr2+πrr2+25.S=\pi r^2+\pi r\sqrt{r^2+25}.

Let u=r2+25u=\sqrt{r^2+25}. Then

dudr=ru.\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}r}=\frac r u.

The product rule gives

dSdr= 2πr+πu +πr2u.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}r} =&\,2\pi r+\pi u\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{\pi r^2}{u}. \end{align*}

When r=1.5r=1.5,

u=27.25=1092.u=\sqrt{27.25}=\frac{\sqrt{109}}2.

Hence at this radius,

dSdr= 3π+π1092 +9π2109.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}r} =&\,3\pi+\frac{\pi\sqrt{109}}2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{9\pi}{2\sqrt{109}}. \end{align*}

By the chain rule,

dSdt=dSdrdrdt.\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t} =\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}r} \frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}.

With drdt=3\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}=3,

dSdt= 9π+177π109= 81.535404….\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t} =&\,9\pi+\frac{177\pi}{\sqrt{109}}\\ =&\,81.535404\ldots. \end{align*}

Therefore the required rate is

81.5 cm2 per minute.\boxed{81.5\text{ cm}^2\text{ per minute}}.

也可以把 rr 移入根号后求导;这只是同一 S(r)S(r) 路线的变形:

S=πr2+π25r2+r4,S=\pi r^2+\pi\sqrt{25r^2+r^4}, dSdr=2πr+π(25r+2r3)25r2+r4.\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}r} =2\pi r+\frac{\pi(25r+2r^3)} {\sqrt{25r^2+r^4}}.

Since r>0r>0, this is the same derivative as above.

也可改用母线长 ll:由 r=l2−25r=\sqrt{l^2-25},

S=π(l2−25)+πlr,S=\pi(l^2-25)+\pi l r,

and

dSdl= 2πl+πr +πl2r,\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}l} =&\,2\pi l+\pi r\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{\pi l^2}{r}, \end{align*}

while

dldt=3rl.\frac{\mathrm{d}l}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{3r}{l}.

Their product is

dSdt=6πr+3πl+3πr2l,\frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t} =6\pi r+3\pi l+\frac{3\pi r^2}{l},

which again gives 81.5 cm281.5\text{ cm}^2 per minute at r=1.5r=1.5.

解法二

思路

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保留 S=πr2+πrlS=\pi r^2+\pi rl,直接对时间求导。先用 l2=r2+25l^2=r^2+25 求母线变化率,再代入表面积变化率。

答题过程

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From l2=r2+25l^2=r^2+25,

2ldldt=2rdrdt.2l\frac{\mathrm{d}l}{\mathrm{d}t} =2r\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}.

Thus, since drdt=3\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}=3,

dldt=3rl.\frac{\mathrm{d}l}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{3r}{l}.

Differentiating S=πr2+πrlS=\pi r^2+\pi rl with respect to time gives

dSdt= 2πrdrdt +πldrdt +πrdldt.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t} =&\,2\pi r\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\pi l\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+\pi r\frac{\mathrm{d}l}{\mathrm{d}t}. \end{align*}

At r=1.5r=1.5,

l=1092,l=\frac{\sqrt{109}}2,

and

dldt=9109.\frac{\mathrm{d}l}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac9{\sqrt{109}}.

Substituting these values gives

dSdt= 9π+3π1092 +27π2109= 81.535404….\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t} =&\,9\pi+\frac{3\pi\sqrt{109}}2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{27\pi}{2\sqrt{109}}\\ =&\,81.535404\ldots. \end{align*}

Therefore

81.5 cm2 per minute.\boxed{81.5\text{ cm}^2\text{ per minute}}.

解法三

思路

展开

由恒定半径变化率得到 r=3t+cr=3t+c,选择时间原点后令 r=3tr=3t,把表面积写成 S(t)S(t) 再求导。

答题过程

展开

Since drdt=3\frac{\mathrm{d}r}{\mathrm{d}t}=3,

r=3t+c.r=3t+c.

Choose the time origin so that c=0c=0. Then r=3tr=3t, and part (a) gives

l=25+9t2.l=\sqrt{25+9t^2}.

Hence

S=9πt2+3πt25+9t2.S=9\pi t^2+3\pi t\sqrt{25+9t^2}.

Put v=25+9t2v=\sqrt{25+9t^2}. Then

dvdt=9tv.\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{9t}{v}.

Differentiating with respect to tt,

dSdt= 18πt+3πv +27πt2v.\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t} =&\,18\pi t+3\pi v\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{27\pi t^2}{v}. \end{align*}

When r=1.5r=1.5, t=0.5t=0.5 and v=1092v=\frac{\sqrt{109}}2. Thus

dSdt= 9π+3π1092 +27π2109= 81.535404….\begin{align*} \frac{\mathrm{d}S}{\mathrm{d}t} =&\,9\pi+\frac{3\pi\sqrt{109}}2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{27\pi}{2\sqrt{109}}\\ =&\,81.535404\ldots. \end{align*}

So the required rate is

81.5 cm2 per minute.\boxed{81.5\text{ cm}^2\text{ per minute}}.