题目
Problem
Figure 5 shows a sketch of the curve with parametric equations
x=y=3t2sintsin2t0≤t≤2π
The region R, shown shaded in Figure 5, is bounded by the curve and the x-axis.
(a) Show that the area of R is
k∫02πtsin2tcostdt
where k is a constant to be found.
(3)
(b) Hence, using algebraic integration, find the exact area of R, giving your answer in the form
pπ+q
where p and q are constants.
(5)
题目中文翻译
图 5 给出了曲线的草图,其参数方程为
x=y=3t2sintsin2t0≤t≤2π
阴影区域 R 由该曲线与 x 轴围成。
(a) 证明区域 R 的面积为
k∫02πtsin2tcostdt
其中 k 是待求常数。
(3)
(b) 进而使用代数积分,求区域 R 的精确面积,并将答案写成
pπ+q
的形式,其中 p,q 为常数。
(5)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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参数曲线面积用 ∫ydx。先求 dx/dt,再用二倍角公式化简 y,得到所需系数。
答题过程
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For the parametric curve,
dtdx=6t.
Also, sin2t=2sintcost, so
y=2sin2tcost.
As t runs from 0 to π/2, x=3t2 increases and y≥0. Hence the area is
A=∫0π/2ydtdxdt.
The integrand simplifies to
ydtdx=12tsin2tcost.
Therefore
A=12∫0π/2tsin2tcostdt,
so
k=12.
(b)
解法一
思路
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承接 (a) 的面积积分,用分部积分消去因子 t。将剩下的 sin3t 写成 sint(1−cos2t),求原函数并代入端点。
答题过程
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By part (a), A=12I, where
I=∫0π/2tsin2tcostdt.
Use integration by parts with u=t and dv=sin2tcostdt. Then du=dt and v=sin3t/3.
Let
J=∫0π/2sin3tdt.
Integration by parts gives
I=[3tsin3t]0π/2−3J.
The boundary term is π/6, so
A=2π−4J.
Use sin3t=sint(1−cos2t). An antiderivative is
−cost+3cos3t.
At t=π/2 it equals 0; at t=0 it equals −1+1/3=−2/3. Therefore
J=0−(−32)=32.
Hence the exact area is
A=2π−38.
对剩余积分也可使用三倍角恒等式 sin3t=3sint−4sin3t。由于
∫0π/2sintdt=1,
∫0π/2sin3tdt=31,
得到 4J=3−1/3=8/3,与上述结果一致。这只是计算同一剩余积分的另一种三角恒等式。
解法二
思路
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先令 u=sint,把积分化为含 arcsinu 的形式,分部积分后再以 v=1−u2 换元。每次换元同步改变上下限。
答题过程
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By part (a),
A=12∫0π/2tsin2tcostdt.
Set u=sint, so du=costdt and t=arcsinu on the given interval. The limits become u=0 and u=1, giving
A=12∫01u2arcsinudu.
Integrate by parts, differentiating arcsinu and integrating u2:
A=4[u3arcsinu]01−4K,
where
K=∫011−u2u3du.
The boundary term is 4(π/2)=2π.
For K, use v=1−u2. Then u2=1−v2 and
udu=−vdv.
The limits change from u=0,1 to v=1,0. Thus
K====∫10−(1−v2)dv∫01(1−v2)dv[v−3v3]0132.
Therefore
A=2π−4K=2π−38.
解法三
思路
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第一次分部积分后,对剩余的 sin3t 再分部积分。边界项为零,剩下的 sintcos2t 可直接积分。
答题过程
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Use the area integral from part (a). For its first integration by parts, take u=t and v=sin3t/3. This gives
A=4[tsin3t]0π/2−4J,
where
J=∫0π/2sin3tdt.
The boundary term equals 2π, so A=2π−4J.
Now integrate J=∫0π/2sin2tsintdt by parts again. Take u=sin2t and dv=sintdt. Then
du=2sintcostdt,v=−cost.
Hence
J=[−sin2tcost]0π/2+2L,
where
L=∫0π/2sintcos2tdt.
The boundary term for J is zero at both endpoints. Also,
L==[−3cos3t]0π/231.
Thus J=2L=2/3. The exact area is therefore
A=2π−38.