题目
Problem
The histogram shows the times taken, t t t minutes, by each of 100 100 100 people to swim 500 500 500 metres.
Histogram
(a) Use the histogram to complete the frequency table for the times taken by the 100 100 100 people to swim 500 500 500 metres.
Time taken ( t minutes ) 5 − 10 10 − 14 14 − 18 18 − 25 25 − 40 Frequency ( f ) 10 16 24 \begin{array}{c|ccccc}
\text{Time taken }(t\text{ minutes})&5-10&10-14&14-18&18-25&25-40\\
\hline
\text{Frequency }(f)&10&16&24&&
\end{array} Time taken ( t minutes ) Frequency ( f ) 5 − 10 10 10 − 14 16 14 − 18 24 18 − 25 25 − 40
(1)
(b) Estimate the number of people who took less than 16 16 16 minutes to swim 500 500 500 metres.
(2)
(c) Find an estimate for the mean time taken to swim 500 500 500 metres.
(2)
Given that ∑ f t 2 = 41033 \sum ft^2=41033 ∑ f t 2 = 41033
(d) find an estimate for the standard deviation of the times taken to swim 500 500 500 metres.
(2)
Given that Q 3 = 23 Q_3=23 Q 3 = 23
(e) use linear interpolation to estimate the interquartile range of the times taken to swim 500 500 500 metres.
(3)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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直方图中 frequency = frequency density × \times × class width。由图读出最后两组频数。
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The completed frequencies are
Time taken ( t minutes ) 5 − 10 10 − 14 14 − 18 18 − 25 25 − 40 Frequency ( f ) 10 16 24 35 15 \begin{array}{c|ccccc}
\text{Time taken }(t\text{ minutes})&5-10&10-14&14-18&18-25&25-40\\
\hline
\text{Frequency }(f)&10&16&24&35&15
\end{array} Time taken ( t minutes ) Frequency ( f ) 5 − 10 10 10 − 14 16 14 − 18 24 18 − 25 35 25 − 40 15
(b)
解法一
思路
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少于 16 16 16 分钟包括前两整组,再加上 14 14 14 到 16 16 16 这一半的 14 14 14 -18 18 18 组。
答题过程
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number = 10 + 16 + 16 − 14 18 − 14 ( 24 ) = 10 + 16 + 12 = 38. \begin{align*}
\text{number}
=&\,10+16+\frac{16-14}{18-14}(24)\\[3mm]
=&\,10+16+12\\[3mm]
=&\,38.
\end{align*} number = = = 10 + 16 + 18 − 14 16 − 14 ( 24 ) 10 + 16 + 12 38.
解法二
思路
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直观比例计算法。
前两个区间 5 − 10 5-10 5 − 10 和 10 − 14 10-14 10 − 14 分别包含 10 10 10 和 16 16 16 人。
对于区间 14 − 18 14-18 14 − 18 ,其宽度为 18 − 14 = 4 18 - 14 = 4 18 − 14 = 4 分钟,该区间内总共有 24 24 24 人。
目标值 16 16 16 分钟将该区间平分为两半(因为 16 − 14 = 2 16 - 14 = 2 16 − 14 = 2 分钟,占该区间的 2 4 = 50 % \frac{2}{4} = 50\% 4 2 = 50% )。
基于直方图内数据均匀分布的假设,小于 16 16 16 分钟的人数在该区间内有:
50 % × 24 = 12 人 \begin{align*}
50\% \times 24 = 12\text{ 人}
\end{align*} 50% × 24 = 12 人
最后将三部分人数加起来:
10 + 16 + 12 = 38 人 \begin{align*}
10 + 16 + 12 = 38\text{ 人}
\end{align*} 10 + 16 + 12 = 38 人
这种方法利用比例与分率的直观意义,避开了公式中的多重除法,有利于手算。
答题过程
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The number of people who took less than 16 16 16 minutes is composed of:
All people in the interval [ 5 , 10 ] [5, 10] [ 5 , 10 ] : 10 10 10
All people in the interval [ 10 , 14 ] [10, 14] [ 10 , 14 ] : 16 16 16
A proportion of people in the interval [ 14 , 18 ] [14, 18] [ 14 , 18 ] .
The width of the interval [ 14 , 18 ] [14, 18] [ 14 , 18 ] is:
18 − 14 = 4 minutes . \begin{align*}
18 - 14 = 4\text{ minutes}.
\end{align*} 18 − 14 = 4 minutes .
The target range within this interval is [ 14 , 16 ] [14, 16] [ 14 , 16 ] , which has a width of:
16 − 14 = 2 minutes . \begin{align*}
16 - 14 = 2\text{ minutes}.
\end{align*} 16 − 14 = 2 minutes .
The proportion of people in this range is:
2 4 = 0.5. \begin{align*}
\frac{2}{4} = 0.5.
\end{align*} 4 2 = 0.5.
Thus, the number of people in this range is:
0.5 × 24 = 12. \begin{align*}
0.5 \times 24 = 12.
\end{align*} 0.5 × 24 = 12.
Summing all three parts:
Total number = 10 + 16 + 12 = 38. \begin{align*}
\text{Total number} =&\,\, 10 + 16 + 12\\[3mm]
=&\,\, 38.
\end{align*} Total number = = 10 + 16 + 12 38.
(c)
解法一
思路
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用 grouped data midpoint 估计平均数。
答题过程
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∑ f t = 7.5 ( 10 ) + 12 ( 16 ) + 16 ( 24 ) + 21.5 ( 35 ) + 32.5 ( 15 ) = 1891. \begin{align*}
\sum ft
=&\,7.5(10)+12(16)+16(24)\\[3mm]
&\,\hspace{2pt}+21.5(35)+32.5(15)\\[3mm]
=&\,1891.
\end{align*} ∑ f t = = 7.5 ( 10 ) + 12 ( 16 ) + 16 ( 24 ) + 21.5 ( 35 ) + 32.5 ( 15 ) 1891.
Therefore
t ˉ = 1891 100 = 18.91. \begin{align*}
\bar{t}=\frac{1891}{100}=18.91.
\end{align*} t ˉ = 100 1891 = 18.91.
(d)
解法一
思路
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用公式
s = ∑ f t 2 ∑ f − t ˉ 2 . \begin{align*}
s=\sqrt{\frac{\sum ft^2}{\sum f}-\bar{t}^{\,2}}.
\end{align*} s = ∑ f ∑ f t 2 − t ˉ 2 .
答题过程
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s = 41033 100 − 18.91 2 = 7.262 … \begin{align*}
s
=&\,\sqrt{\frac{41033}{100}-18.91^2}\\[3mm]
=&\,7.262\ldots
\end{align*} s = = 100 41033 − 18.9 1 2 7.262 …
So the standard deviation is
7.26 \begin{align*}
7.26
\end{align*} 7.26
to 3 3 3 significant figures.
(e)
解法一
思路
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Q 1 Q_1 Q 1 是第 25 25 25 个数据。累计到 10 10 10 分钟是 10 10 10 ,累计到 14 14 14 分钟是 26 26 26 ,所以 Q 1 Q_1 Q 1 在 10 10 10 到 14 14 14 这一组内。
答题过程
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For Q 1 Q_1 Q 1 ,
Q 1 = 10 + 25 − 10 16 ( 14 − 10 ) = 13.75. \begin{align*}
Q_1=10+\frac{25-10}{16}(14-10)=13.75.
\end{align*} Q 1 = 10 + 16 25 − 10 ( 14 − 10 ) = 13.75.
Therefore
IQR = Q 3 − Q 1 = 23 − 13.75 = 9.25. \begin{align*}
\operatorname{IQR}=Q_3-Q_1=23-13.75=9.25.
\end{align*} IQR = Q 3 − Q 1 = 23 − 13.75 = 9.25.
解法二
思路
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直观比例插值法。
下四分位数 Q 1 Q_1 Q 1 对应第 25 25 25 个值。在区间 [ 10 , 14 ] [10, 14] [ 10 , 14 ] 之前累计已有 10 10 10 人。
因此 Q 1 Q_1 Q 1 是区间 [ 10 , 14 ] [10, 14] [ 10 , 14 ] 里的第 25 − 10 = 15 25 - 10 = 15 25 − 10 = 15 個值。
由于该区间内共有 16 16 16 人,且区间宽度为 14 − 10 = 4 14 - 10 = 4 14 − 10 = 4 分钟。
Q 1 Q_1 Q 1 在该区间内行进的比例为:
15 16 \begin{align*}
\frac{15}{16}
\end{align*} 16 15
对应实际分钟数为:
15 16 × 4 = 15 4 = 3.75 分钟 \begin{align*}
\frac{15}{16} \times 4 = \frac{15}{4} = 3.75\text{ 分钟}
\end{align*} 16 15 × 4 = 4 15 = 3.75 分钟
所以 Q 1 Q_1 Q 1 的估算值为:
10 + 3.75 = 13.75 分钟 \begin{align*}
10 + 3.75 = 13.75\text{ 分钟}
\end{align*} 10 + 3.75 = 13.75 分钟
最后代入四分位距公式:
IQR = Q 3 − Q 1 = 23 − 13.75 = 9.25 \begin{align*}
\operatorname{IQR} = Q_3 - Q_1 = 23 - 13.75 = 9.25
\end{align*} IQR = Q 3 − Q 1 = 23 − 13.75 = 9.25
此方法通过将插值运算分解为比例与实际宽度的乘积,有助于学生理解插值法的实际物理背景。
答题过程
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The lower quartile Q 1 Q_1 Q 1 corresponds to the 25 25 25 th value.
The cumulative frequency before the class interval [ 10 , 14 ] [10, 14] [ 10 , 14 ] is 10 10 10 .
Therefore, Q 1 Q_1 Q 1 is the 25 − 10 = 15 25 - 10 = 15 25 − 10 = 15 th value inside the interval [ 10 , 14 ] [10, 14] [ 10 , 14 ] which has a frequency of 16 16 16 .
The width of this class interval is:
14 − 10 = 4 minutes . \begin{align*}
14 - 10 = 4\text{ minutes}.
\end{align*} 14 − 10 = 4 minutes .
The proportion of distance Q 1 Q_1 Q 1 travels into this interval is:
15 16 . \begin{align*}
\frac{15}{16}.
\end{align*} 16 15 .
The distance into the interval is:
15 16 × 4 = 3.75 minutes . \begin{align*}
\frac{15}{16} \times 4 = 3.75\text{ minutes}.
\end{align*} 16 15 × 4 = 3.75 minutes .
Thus, the estimated lower quartile is:
Q 1 = 10 + 3.75 = 13.75. \begin{align*}
Q_1 = 10 + 3.75 = 13.75.
\end{align*} Q 1 = 10 + 3.75 = 13.75.
Given Q 3 = 23 Q_3 = 23 Q 3 = 23 :
IQR = Q 3 − Q 1 = 23 − 13.75 = 9.25. \begin{align*}
\operatorname{IQR} =&\,\, Q_3 - Q_1\\[3mm]
=&\,\, 23 - 13.75\\[3mm]
=&\,\, 9.25.
\end{align*} IQR = = = Q 3 − Q 1 23 − 13.75 9.25.