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S1 2023 June Q2

A Level / Edexcel / S1

IAL 2023 June Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

Two students, Olive and Shan, collect data on the weight, ww grams, and the tail length, tt cm, of 1515 mice.

Olive summarised the data as follows

Stt=5.3173∑w2=6089.12∑tw=2304.53S_{tt}=5.3173\qquad \sum w^2=6089.12\qquad \sum tw=2304.53 ∑w=297.8∑t=114.8\sum w=297.8\qquad \sum t=114.8

(a) Calculate the value of StwS_{tw} and the value of SwwS_{ww}

(3)

(b) Calculate the value of the product moment correlation coefficient between ww and tt

(2)

(c) Show that the equation of the regression line of ww on tt can be written as

w=−16.7+4.77tw=-16.7+4.77t
(3)

(d) Give an interpretation of the gradient of the regression line.

(1)

(e) Explain why it would not be appropriate to use the regression line in part (c) to estimate the weight of a mouse with a tail length of 22 cm.

(2)

Shan decided to code the data using x=t−6x=t-6 and y=w2−5y=\dfrac{w}{2}-5

(f) Write down the value of the product moment correlation coefficient between xx and yy

(1)

(g) Write down an equation of the regression line of yy on xx You do not need to simplify your equation.

(1)
题目中文翻译

两名学生 Olive 和 Shan 收集了 1515 只小鼠的体重 ww 克与尾长 tt cm 的数据。Olive 得到题目所列的汇总统计量。

(a) 计算 StwS_{tw} 和 SwwS_{ww} 的值。

(b) 计算 ww 与 tt 之间的积矩相关系数。

(c) 证明 ww 对 tt 的回归直线方程可写为 w=−16.7+4.77tw=-16.7+4.77t。

(d) 解释回归直线斜率的意义。

(e) 说明为什么不适合使用 (c) 中的回归直线估计尾长为 22 cm 的小鼠体重。

Shan 决定使用 x=t−6x=t-6 和 y=w2−5y=\dfrac w2-5 对数据编码。

(f) 写出 xx 与 yy 之间积矩相关系数的值。

(g) 写出 yy 对 xx 的回归直线方程,无须化简。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

直接用

Stw=∑tw−∑t∑wn,Sww=∑w2−(∑w)2n.S_{tw}=\sum tw-\frac{\sum t\sum w}{n},\qquad S_{ww}=\sum w^2-\frac{(\sum w)^2}{n}.

答题过程

展开 Stw= 2304.53−114.8(297.8)15= 25.367…\begin{align*} S_{tw} =&\,2304.53-\frac{114.8(297.8)}{15}\\ =&\,25.367\ldots \end{align*}

So

Stw=25.4\begin{align*} S_{tw}=25.4 \end{align*}

to 33 significant figures.

Also,

Sww= 6089.12−297.8215= 176.797…\begin{align*} S_{ww} =&\,6089.12-\frac{297.8^2}{15}\\ =&\,176.797\ldots \end{align*}

So

Sww=177.\begin{align*} S_{ww}=177. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

把 StwS_{tw}、SttS_{tt}、SwwS_{ww} 代入 PMCC 公式。

答题过程

展开 r= StwSttSww= 25.367…5.3173(176.797…)= 0.82735…\begin{align*} r =&\,\frac{S_{tw}}{\sqrt{S_{tt}S_{ww}}}\\ =&\,\frac{25.367\ldots}{\sqrt{5.3173(176.797\ldots)}}\\ =&\,0.82735\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore

r=0.827\begin{align*} r=0.827 \end{align*}

to 33 significant figures.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

回归线 ww on tt 的斜率是 StwStt\dfrac{S_{tw}}{S_{tt}}。截距用 wˉ−btˉ\bar{w}-b\bar{t}。

答题过程

展开

The gradient is

b= StwStt= 25.367…5.3173= 4.77065…\begin{align*} b =&\,\frac{S_{tw}}{S_{tt}}\\ =&\,\frac{25.367\ldots}{5.3173}\\ =&\,4.77065\ldots \end{align*}

The intercept is

a= wˉ−btˉ= 297.815−4.77065…(114.815)= −16.658…\begin{align*} a =&\,\bar{w}-b\bar{t}\\ =&\,\frac{297.8}{15}-4.77065\ldots\left(\frac{114.8}{15}\right)\\ =&\,-16.658\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore the regression line is

w=−16.7+4.77t.\begin{align*} w=-16.7+4.77t. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

斜率要在题目语境中解释:tail length 每增加 11 cm,weight 平均怎样变化。

答题过程

展开

For each increase of 11 cm in tail length, the weight of a mouse increases by about 4.774.77 grams on average.

(e)

解法一

思路

展开

把 t=2t=2 代入会得到负体重,这在实际语境中不可能,所以这个估计不合适。

答题过程

展开

Using t=2t=2,

w= −16.7+4.77(2)= −7.16.\begin{align*} w =&\,-16.7+4.77(2)\\ =&\,-7.16. \end{align*}

This gives a negative weight, which is impossible for a mouse. Therefore it is not appropriate to use the regression line for a tail length of 22 cm.

解法二

思路

展开

由 SttS_{tt} 求尾长的标准差,再比较 22 cm 与平均尾长相差多少个标准差。这提供了另一种判断依据。

答题过程

展开

The mean and standard deviation of the tail lengths are

tˉ= 114.815=7.653…,σt= 5.317315=0.595…\begin{align*} \bar{t}=&\,\frac{114.8}{15}=7.653\ldots,\\ \sigma_t=&\,\sqrt{\frac{5.3173}{15}}=0.595\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore 22 cm is more than 99 standard deviations below the mean. It is an extreme extrapolation, so the regression estimate is not appropriate.

(f)

解法一

思路

展开

正的线性编码不会改变相关系数。这里 x=t−6x=t-6,y=w2−5y=\dfrac{w}{2}-5,两个变量都没有被负数倍缩放。

答题过程

展开

The product moment correlation coefficient is unchanged by positive linear coding.

Therefore

r=0.827.\begin{align*} r=0.827. \end{align*}

(g)

解法一

思路

展开

用 t=x+6t=x+6,且 w=2(y+5)w=2(y+5),把这些代入原回归线即可。

答题过程

展开

Since

t=x+6,w=2(y+5),\begin{align*} t=x+6,\qquad w=2(y+5), \end{align*}

substitute into

w=−16.7+4.77t.\begin{align*} w=-16.7+4.77t. \end{align*}

This gives

2(y+5)=−16.7+4.77(x+6).\begin{align*} 2(y+5)=-16.7+4.77(x+6). \end{align*}