题目
Problem
(i) Bob shops at a market each week. The event that
Bob buys carrots is denoted by C
Bob buys onions is denoted by O
At each visit, Bob may buy neither, or one, or both of these items. The probability that
Bob buys carrots is 0.65
Bob does not buy onions is 0.3
Bob buys onions but not carrots is 0.15
The Venn diagram below represents the events C and O
where w, x, y and z are probabilities.
(a) Find the value of w, the value of x, the value of y and the value of z
(4)
For one visit to the market,
(b) find the probability that Bob buys either carrots or onions but not both.
(1)
(c) Show that the events C and O are not independent.
(2)
(ii) F, G and H are 3 events. F and H are mutually exclusive. F and G are independent.
Given that
P(F)=72P(H)=41P(F∪G)=85
(a) find P(F∪H)
(1)
(b) find P(G)
(3)
(c) find P(F∩G)
(1)
题目中文翻译
(i) Bob 每周到市场购物。事件
Bob 买胡萝卜记作 C;
Bob 买洋葱记作 O。
每次购物时,Bob 可能两样都不买,也可能买其中一种或两种都买。已知:
- Bob 买胡萝卜的概率为 0.65;
- Bob 不买洋葱的概率为 0.3;
- Bob 买洋葱但不买胡萝卜的概率为 0.15。
上面的 Venn 图表示事件 C 和 O,其中 w、x、y、z 均为概率。
(a) 求 w、x、y、z 的值。
对于一次市场购物,
(b) 求 Bob 恰好买胡萝卜或洋葱其中一种的概率。
(c) 证明事件 C 和 O 不独立。
(ii) F、G、H 是三个事件。F 与 H 互斥,F 与 G 独立。已知
P(F)=72,P(H)=41,P(F∪G)=85.
(a) 求 P(F∪H)。
(b) 求 P(G)。
(c) 求 P(F∩G)。
解答
(i)(a)
解法一
思路
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w 是“买 onions 但不买 carrots”,题目已经给出。因为 P(O)=1−0.3=0.7,所以可求交集 x;再由 P(C)=0.65 求 y,最后用总概率为 1 求 z。
答题过程
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Since Bob buys onions but not carrots with probability 0.15,
w=0.15.
Also,
P(O)=1−0.3=0.7.
So
x=0.7−0.15=0.55.
Since P(C)=0.65,
y=0.65−0.55=0.10.
Finally,
z=1−0.15−0.55−0.10=0.20.
(i)(b)
解法一
思路
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“买其中一种但不是两种”对应 Venn 图里只属于一个圆的两个区域:w 和 y。
答题过程
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P(carrots or onions but not both)===w+y0.15+0.100.25.
(i)(c)
解法一
思路
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若 C 和 O 独立,则必须满足 P(C∩O)=P(C)P(O)。这里左边是交集区域 x。
答题过程
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We have
P(C∩O)=0.55.
But
P(C)P(O)==0.65(0.7)0.455.
Since
P(C∩O)=P(C)P(O),
the events C and O are not independent.
解法二
思路
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也可以比较条件概率 P(C∣O) 与 P(C)。若二者不相等,事件便不独立。
答题过程
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P(C∣O)===P(O)P(C∩O)0.70.551411.
Since 1411=0.65=P(C), the events C and O are not independent.
(ii)(a)
解法一
思路
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F 和 H mutually exclusive,所以它们没有交集,联合概率直接相加。
答题过程
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Since F and H are mutually exclusive,
P(F∪H)===P(F)+P(H)72+412815.
(ii)(b)
解法一
思路
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用加法公式
P(F∪G)=P(F)+P(G)−P(F∩G).
又因为 F 和 G 独立,所以 P(F∩G)=P(F)P(G)。
答题过程
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Using independence,
P(F∩G)=P(F)P(G)=72P(G).
Therefore
85=85−72=5619=72+P(G)−72P(G)75P(G)75P(G).
Hence
P(G)=5619⋅57=4019.
解法二
思路
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把 F∪G 拆成互斥的 F 与 F′∩G。由于 F、G 独立,F′、G 也独立,因此 P(F′∩G)=P(F′)P(G)。
答题过程
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Since F′ and G are independent,
P(F∪G)==P(F)+P(F′∩G)P(F)+P(F′)P(G).
Hence
85=P(G)=72+75P(G),4019.
(ii)(c)
解法一
思路
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直接使用独立事件的交集公式。
答题过程
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Since F and G are independent,
P(F∩G)===P(F)P(G)72⋅401914019.