题目
Problem
The Venn diagram shows the probabilities related to teenagers playing 3 particular board games.
C is the event that a teenager plays Chess.
S is the event that a teenager plays Scrabble.
G is the event that a teenager plays Go.
where p and q are probabilities.
(a) Find the probability that a randomly selected teenager plays Chess but does not play Go.
(1)
Given that the events C and S are independent,
(b) find the value of p.
(4)
(c) Hence find the value of q.
(2)
(d) Find
(i) P((C∪S)∩G′)
(1)
(ii) P(C∣(S∩G))
(2)
A youth club consists of a large number of teenagers.
In this youth club 76 teenagers play Chess and Go.
(e) Use the information in the Venn diagram to estimate how many of the teenagers in the youth club do not play Scrabble.
(3)
题目中文翻译
Venn 图显示了青少年玩三种特定桌游的有关概率。C 表示玩 Chess,S 表示玩 Scrabble,G 表示玩 Go;p,q 为概率。
(a) 求随机选取的一名青少年玩 Chess 但不玩 Go 的概率。
已知事件 C 和 S 相互独立。
(b) 求 p。
(c) 由此求 q。
(d) 求 (i) P((C∪S)∩G′);(ii) P(C∣(S∩G))。
一个青年俱乐部有大量青少年,其中 76 人玩 Chess 和 Go。
(e) 利用 Venn 图中的信息,估计该俱乐部中不玩 Scrabble 的青少年人数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
“plays Chess but does not play Go” 是 C∩G′。从图上对应 Chess 里但不在 Go 里的区域:0.04 和 0.12。
答题过程
展开
P(C∩G′)=0.04+0.12=0.16.
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
独立事件满足
P(C∩S)=P(C)P(S).
从图上读出 P(C∩S)=0.15+0.12=0.27,P(S)=0.12+0.15+0.10+0.23=0.60,P(C)=0.04+0.12+0.15+p=0.31+p。
答题过程
展开
From the Venn diagram,
P(C∩S)=0.12+0.15=0.27.
Also,
P(S)=0.12+0.15+0.10+0.23=0.60.
And
P(C)=0.04+0.12+0.15+p=0.31+p.
Since C and S are independent,
P(C∩S)=0.27=0.45=p=P(C)P(S)(0.31+p)(0.60)0.31+p0.14.
解法二
思路
展开
若 C 与 S 独立,则补集 C′ 与 S′ 也独立。先由 P(C′∩S′)=P(C′)P(S′) 求 q,再利用全图概率和为 1 求 p。
答题过程
展开
Since C′ and S′ are independent,
P(C′∩S′)=P(C′)P(S′).
From the diagram,
P(C′)=P(S′)=P(C′∩S′)=0.33+q,0.40,q.
q=0.60q=q=(0.33+q)(0.40)0.1320.22.
The probabilities in the diagram sum to 1, so
p==1−(0.04+0.12+0.15+0.10+0.23+0.22)0.14.
(c)
解法一
思路
展开
Venn diagram 里所有区域概率加起来等于 1。把 p=0.14 代入即可求 q。
答题过程
展开
The probabilities in the Venn diagram sum to 1.
So
q===1−(0.04+0.12+0.15+0.10+0.23+0.14)1−0.780.22.
(d)(i)
解法一
思路
展开
(C∪S)∩G′ 表示不在 Go 里面,但在 Chess 或 Scrabble 至少一个里面。对应区域是 0.04,0.12,0.23。
答题过程
展开
P((C∪S)∩G′)==0.04+0.12+0.230.39.
(d)(ii)
解法一
思路
展开
已知在 S∩G 内,分母是 S 和 G 的交集总概率,即 0.15+0.10。其中也属于 C 的部分是三者交集 0.15。
答题过程
展开
P(C∣S∩G)===P(S∩G)P(C∩S∩G)0.15+0.100.150.6.
(e)
解法一
思路
展开
图上 C∩G 的概率是 p+0.15=0.29。现实中这对应 76 人,所以先估计总人数。然后“不玩 Scrabble”的概率是 P(S′)=0.4。
答题过程
展开
From the Venn diagram,
P(C∩G)=p+0.15=0.14+0.15=0.29.
This corresponds to 76 teenagers, so the estimated total number of teenagers is
0.2976.
Also,
P(S′)=1−P(S)=1−0.60=0.40.
Therefore the estimated number who do not play Scrabble is
0.2976(0.40)=104.827….
So the estimate is
105.