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S1 2025 May Q5

A Level / Edexcel / S1

IAL 2025 May Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

The following grouped frequency distribution summarises the speeds in km/h that a random sample of 225225 cars were doing on a road.

Speed (xx km/h)Number of cars
20⩽x<2520\leqslant x<255454
25⩽x<3025\leqslant x<309090
30⩽x<4030\leqslant x<406060
40⩽x<5540\leqslant x<551515
55⩽x<7055\leqslant x<7066

A histogram is drawn to represent these data. The height of the tallest bar is 1010 cm.

(a) Calculate the height of the second tallest bar.

(3)

(b) Estimate how many of the 225225 cars were doing a speed between 3535 km/h and 5757 km/h. You must show your working clearly.

(2)

(c) Use linear interpolation to estimate the median speed in km/h for the 225225 cars.

(2)

The lower quartile for these data is 25.1425.14 km/h to 44 significant figures.

(d) Find an estimate for

(i) the upper quartile,

(ii) the interquartile range.

(4)

(e) Describe, giving a reason, the skewness of these data.

(2)

Ali suggests that a normal distribution is a suitable model for the speed that cars were doing on this road.

(f) With reference to your answer in part (e), comment on Ali’s suggestion, giving a reason for your answer.

(1)
题目中文翻译

上方分组频数表汇总了从某条道路随机抽取的 225225 辆车的速度,单位为 km/h。

根据这些数据绘制直方图,最高柱的高度为 1010 cm。

(a) 求第二高柱的高度。(3 分)

(b) 估计这 225225 辆车中速度在 3535 km/h 与 5757 km/h 之间的车辆数,必须清楚写出计算过程。(2 分)

(c) 使用线性插值,估计这 225225 辆车的中位速度,单位为 km/h。(2 分)

这些数据的下四分位数为 25.1425.14 km/h,精确到 4 位有效数字。

(d) 估计:(i) 上四分位数;(ii) 四分位距。(共 4 分)

(e) 描述这些数据的偏态,并给出理由。(2 分)

Ali 认为正态分布是这条道路车辆速度的合适模型。

(f) 参照 (e) 的答案,评价 Ali 的建议,并给出理由。(1 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

直方图高度与 frequency density 成正比。先算每组的 frequency density:频数除以组宽。最高的是 25⩽x<3025\leqslant x<30,第二高的是 20⩽x<2520\leqslant x<25。最高 bar 高 1010 cm,用比例求第二高 bar。

答题过程

展开

The frequency densities are:

Speed intervalFrequency density
20⩽x<2520\leqslant x<25545=10.8\dfrac{54}{5}=10.8
25⩽x<3025\leqslant x<30905=18\dfrac{90}{5}=18
30⩽x<4030\leqslant x<406010=6\dfrac{60}{10}=6
40⩽x<5540\leqslant x<551515=1\dfrac{15}{15}=1
55⩽x<7055\leqslant x<70615=0.4\dfrac{6}{15}=0.4

The tallest bar has frequency density 1818 and height 1010 cm.

The second tallest bar has frequency density 10.810.8.

Let its height be hh cm. Then

h10= 10.818h= 10×10.818= 6.\begin{align*} \frac{h}{10} =&\,\frac{10.8}{18}\\ h=&\,10\times\frac{10.8}{18}\\ =&\,6. \end{align*}

The height of the second tallest bar is

6 cm.\begin{align*} 6\text{ cm}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

3535 到 5757 横跨三段:

  • 3535 到 4040 是 30⩽x<4030\leqslant x<40 这一组的一半,所以取 6060 的一半;
  • 4040 到 5555 整组都包含,取 1515;
  • 5555 到 5757 是 55⩽x<7055\leqslant x<70 这一组的 215\dfrac{2}{15},所以取 66 的 215\dfrac{2}{15}。

答题过程

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Between 3535 and 4040:

510×60=30.\begin{align*} \frac{5}{10}\times60=30. \end{align*}

Between 4040 and 5555:

15.\begin{align*} 15. \end{align*}

Between 5555 and 5757:

215×6=0.8.\begin{align*} \frac{2}{15}\times6=0.8. \end{align*}

Therefore the estimated number of cars is

30+15+0.8= 45.8.\begin{align*} 30+15+0.8=&\,45.8. \end{align*}

Since this is a number of cars, the estimate is

46.\begin{align*} 46. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

主路线用第 225/2=112.5225/2=112.5 个位置插值。前两组累计频数为 5454、144144,所以中位数在 25⩽x<3025\leqslant x<30 组内。

答题过程

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The median position is

2252=112.5.\begin{align*} \frac{225}{2}=112.5. \end{align*}

The cumulative frequency before the class 25⩽x<3025\leqslant x<30 is 5454, and the frequency in this class is 9090.

Using linear interpolation,

Q2= 25+112.5−5490×5= 25+58.590×5= 28.25.\begin{align*} Q_2 =&\,25+\frac{112.5-54}{90}\times5\\ =&\,25+\frac{58.5}{90}\times5\\ =&\,28.25. \end{align*}

The estimated median speed is

28.3 km/h\begin{align*} 28.3\text{ km/h} \end{align*}

to 33 significant figures.

解法二

思路

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也可以使用第 (225+1)/2=113(225+1)/2=113 个位置;同样在第二组插值。

答题过程

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Using the 113113th position,

Q2= 25+113−5490×5= 28.277777…= 28.3 km/h(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} Q_2=&\,25+\frac{113-54}{90}\times5\\ =&\,28.277777\ldots\\ =&\,28.3\text{ km/h}\quad(3\text{ s.f.}). \end{align*}

(d)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

上四分位数的位置是 34×225=168.75\dfrac{3}{4}\times225=168.75。累计频数到 3030 前是 144144,到 4040 是 204204,所以 Q3Q_3 在 30⩽x<4030\leqslant x<40 组内。

答题过程

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The upper quartile position is

34×225=168.75.\begin{align*} \frac{3}{4}\times225=168.75. \end{align*}

This lies in the class 30⩽x<4030\leqslant x<40.

Using linear interpolation,

Q3= 30+168.75−14460×10= 30+24.7560×10= 34.125.\begin{align*} Q_3 =&\,30+\frac{168.75-144}{60}\times10\\ =&\,30+\frac{24.75}{60}\times10\\ =&\,34.125. \end{align*}

So

Q3=34.1 km/h\begin{align*} Q_3=34.1\text{ km/h} \end{align*}

to 33 significant figures.

解法二

思路

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上四分位数的另一常见插值约定,可将位置取在 168.75168.75 至 169.5169.5 之间。下面以 3(225+1)/4=169.53(225+1)/4=169.5 为例。

答题过程

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Using the 169.5169.5th position,

Q3= 30+169.5−14460×10= 34.25= 34.3 km/h(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} Q_3=&\,30+\frac{169.5-144}{60}\times10\\ =&\,34.25\\ =&\,34.3\text{ km/h}\quad(3\text{ s.f.}). \end{align*}

(d)(ii)

解法一

思路

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四分位距是

Q3−Q1.\begin{align*} Q_3-Q_1. \end{align*}

题目给了 Q1=25.14Q_1=25.14,上一小题求出 Q3=34.125Q_3=34.125。

答题过程

展开 IQR= Q3−Q1= 34.125−25.14= 8.985.\begin{align*} \text{IQR} =&\,Q_3-Q_1\\ =&\,34.125-25.14\\ =&\,8.985. \end{align*}

So the interquartile range is

8.99 km/h\begin{align*} 8.99\text{ km/h} \end{align*}

to 33 significant figures.

解法二

思路

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若承接 (d)(i) 的第二解法,使用未舍入的 Q3=34.25Q_3=34.25。

答题过程

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Using Q3=34.25Q_3=34.25 from the alternative method,

IQR= 34.25−25.14= 9.11 km/h(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} \text{IQR}=&\,34.25-25.14\\ =&\,9.11\text{ km/h}\quad(3\text{ s.f.}). \end{align*}

(e)

解法一

思路

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用四分位数判断 skewness:比较 Q2−Q1Q_2-Q_1 和 Q3−Q2Q_3-Q_2。如果右边距离更大,右尾更长,就是 positive skew。

答题过程

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Using

Q1=25.14,Q2=28.25,Q3=34.125,\begin{align*} Q_1=25.14,\qquad Q_2=28.25,\qquad Q_3=34.125, \end{align*}

we have

Q2−Q1= 28.25−25.14= 3.11,\begin{align*} Q_2-Q_1 =&\,28.25-25.14\\ =&\,3.11, \end{align*}

and

Q3−Q2= 34.125−28.25= 5.875.\begin{align*} Q_3-Q_2 =&\,34.125-28.25\\ =&\,5.875. \end{align*}

Since

Q2−Q1<Q3−Q2,\begin{align*} Q_2-Q_1<Q_3-Q_2, \end{align*}

the data are positively skewed.

解法二

思路

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也可以比较估计均值与中位数。先用各组中点求均值,再判断均值大于中位数,所以数据正偏。

答题过程

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Using class midpoints,

∑fx= 54(22.5)+90(27.5) +60(35)+15(47.5)+6(62.5)= 6877.5,xˉ= 6877.5225= 30.566666….\begin{align*} \sum fx=&\,54(22.5)+90(27.5)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+60(35)+15(47.5)+6(62.5)\\ =&\,6877.5,\\ \bar{x}=&\,\frac{6877.5}{225}\\ =&\,30.566666\ldots. \end{align*}

Since the estimated mean 30.630.6 km/h is greater than the estimated median 28.328.3 km/h, the data are positively skewed.

(f)

解法一

思路

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Normal distribution 是对称的,但上一小题说明数据是 positively skewed,所以 normal distribution 不适合作为模型。

答题过程

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Ali’s suggestion is not suitable.

The data are positively skewed, so they are not symmetric, whereas a normal distribution is symmetric.