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S2 2018 Oct Q2

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2018 Oct Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

At a cafe, customers ordering hot drinks order either tea or coffee. Of all customers ordering hot drinks, 80% order tea and 20% order coffee. Of those who order tea, 35% take sugar and of those who order coffee 60% take sugar.

(a) A random sample of 12 customers ordering hot drinks is selected.

Find the probability that fewer than 3 of these customers order coffee.

(3)

(b) (i) A randomly selected customer who orders a hot drink is chosen. Show that the probability that the customer takes sugar is 0.4

(1)

(ii) Write down the distribution for the number of customers who take sugar from a random sample of nn customers ordering hot drinks.

(1)

(c) A random sample of 10 customers ordering hot drinks is selected.

(i) Find the probability that exactly 4 of these 10 customers take sugar.

(1)

(ii) Given that at least 3 of these 10 customers take sugar, find the probability that no more than 6 of these 10 customers take sugar.

(3)

(d) In a random sample of 150 customers ordering hot drinks, find, using a suitable approximation, the probability that at least half of them take sugar.

(4)
题目中文翻译

在一家咖啡馆,点热饮的顾客只会点茶或咖啡。 所有点热饮的顾客中,80% 点茶,20% 点咖啡。 在点茶的人中,35% 加糖;在点咖啡的人中,60% 加糖。

(a) 选取 12 位点热饮的顾客组成随机样本。

求其中少于 3 位顾客点咖啡的概率。

(3)

(b) (i) 随机选取一位点热饮的顾客。证明该顾客加糖的概率为 0.4。

(1)

(ii) 写出从随机选取的 nn 位点热饮顾客中,加糖顾客人数的分布。

(1)

(c) 选取 10 位点热饮的顾客组成随机样本。

(i) 求这 10 位顾客中恰好 4 位加糖的概率。

(1)

(ii) 已知这 10 位顾客中至少 3 位加糖,求其中不超过 6 位加糖的概率。

(3)

(d) 在随机选取的 150 位点热饮顾客中,利用合适的近似方法求至少一半顾客加糖的概率。

(4)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

每位顾客点咖啡的概率为 0.20.2,样本量为 12,因此点咖啡的人数服从二项分布。“少于 3 人”对应人数不超过 2。

答题过程

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Let XX be the number of customers who order coffee. Then

X∼B(12,0.2).X\sim B(12,0.2).

Therefore,

P(X<3)= P(X⩽2)= 0.5583…≈ 0.558.\begin{align*} P(X<3)=&\,P(X\leqslant2) \\ =&\,0.5583\ldots \\ \approx&\,\boxed{0.558}. \end{align*}

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

顾客可能点茶后加糖,也可能点咖啡后加糖。将这两个互斥情况的联合概率相加,便得到随机顾客加糖的总概率。

答题过程

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Using the law of total probability, add the probabilities of ordering tea with sugar and coffee with sugar:

P(takes sugar)P(\text{takes sugar}) = (0.8)(0.35)+(0.2)(0.60)= 0.28+0.12= 0.4.\begin{align*} =&\,(0.8)(0.35)+(0.2)(0.60) \\ =&\,0.28+0.12 \\ =&\,\boxed{0.4}. \end{align*}

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

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每位顾客是否加糖可视为一次成功概率为 0.40.4 的伯努利试验;从 nn 位顾客中统计加糖人数,因此使用二项分布。

答题过程

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Let YY be the number of customers who take sugar. Then

Y∼B(n,0.4).\boxed{Y\sim B(n,0.4)}.

(c)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

此处样本量为 10,每位顾客加糖的概率为 0.40.4。把加糖人数取 4 代入二项分布的单点概率公式。

答题过程

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For this sample, Y∼B(10,0.4)Y\sim B(10,0.4). Hence,

 P(Y=4)= (104)(0.4)4(0.6)6= 0.2508…≈ 0.251.\begin{align*} &\,P(Y=4) \\ =&\,\binom{10}{4}(0.4)^4(0.6)^6 \\ =&\,0.2508\ldots \\ \approx&\,\boxed{0.251}. \end{align*}

(c)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

这是条件概率:条件是 Y⩾3Y\geqslant3,目标事件是在该条件下还有 Y⩽6Y\leqslant6,所以交集为 3⩽Y⩽63\leqslant Y\leqslant6。使用累积二项概率把分子与分母分别写成计算器可直接求出的形式。

答题过程

展开  P(Y⩽6∣Y⩾3)= P(3⩽Y⩽6)P(Y⩾3)= P(Y⩽6)−P(Y⩽2)1−P(Y⩽2)= 0.9452−0.16731−0.1673= 0.934…≈ 0.934.\begin{align*} &\,P(Y\leqslant6\mid Y\geqslant3) \\ =&\,\frac{P(3\leqslant Y\leqslant6)}{P(Y\geqslant3)} \\ =&\,\frac{P(Y\leqslant6)-P(Y\leqslant2)} {1-P(Y\leqslant2)} \\ =&\,\frac{0.9452-0.1673}{1-0.1673} \\ =&\,0.934\ldots \\ \approx&\,\boxed{0.934}. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

150 位顾客中的加糖人数服从二项分布,且 npnp 与 n(1−p)n(1-p) 都足够大,因此使用正态分布近似。先求均值和方差;“至少一半”即人数至少为 75,转换为连续正态变量时使用连续性修正 74.574.5。

答题过程

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Let CC be the number of customers who take sugar. Then

C∼B(150,0.4).C\sim B(150,0.4).

Using a normal approximation,

C≈N(60,36),C\approx N(60,36),

where

μ=150(0.4)=60.\mu=150(0.4)=60. σ= 150(0.4)(0.6)= 6.\begin{align*} \sigma=&\,\sqrt{150(0.4)(0.6)}\\ =&\,6. \end{align*}

Applying a continuity correction,

 P(C⩾75)≈ P(N>74.5)= P(Z>74.5−606)= P(Z>2.4166…)= 1−0.9922= 0.0078.\begin{align*} &\,P(C\geqslant75) \\ \approx&\,P(N>74.5) \\ =&\,P\bigg(Z>\frac{74.5-60}{6}\bigg) \\ =&\,P(Z>2.4166\ldots) \\ =&\,1-0.9922 \\ =&\,\boxed{0.0078}. \end{align*}