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IAL 2018 Oct S2 Q6

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2018 Oct Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

One side of a square is measured to the nearest centimetre and this measurement is multiplied by 4 to estimate the perimeter of the square. The random variable, WW cm, represents the estimated perimeter of the square minus the true perimeter of the square.

WW is uniformly distributed over the interval [a,b][a,b].

(a) Explain why a=2a=-2 and b=2b=2

(1)

The standard deviation of WW is σ\sigma.

(b) (i) Find σ\sigma

(ii) Find the probability that the estimated perimeter of the square is within σ\sigma of the true perimeter of the square.

(4)

One side of each of 100 squares are now measured. Using a suitable approximation,

(c) find the probability that WW is greater than 1.9 for at least 5 of these squares.

(4)

(Total for Question 6 is 9 marks)

题目中文翻译

将正方形的一条边长测量到最接近的厘米,再把测量结果乘以 4,以估算正方形的周长。随机变量 WW cm 表示正方形的估计周长减去真实周长。

WW 在区间 [a,b][a,b] 上服从均匀分布。

(a) 解释为什么 a=2a=-2b=2b=2

WW 的标准差为 σ\sigma

(b) (i) 求 σ\sigma

(ii) 求正方形的估计周长与真实周长之差不超过 σ\sigma 的概率。

现在测量 100 个正方形各自的一条边。使用适当的近似,

(c) 求这 100 个正方形中至少有 5 个满足 W>1.9W>1.9 的概率。

(第 6 题共 9 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

边长测量到最接近的厘米,表示测量误差介于 0.5-0.5 cm 与 0.50.5 cm 之间。估计周长把边长乘以 4,因此周长估计误差也乘以 4,并且既可能低估也可能高估。

答题过程

展开

The error in measuring one side lies between 0.5-0.5 cm and 0.50.5 cm. Since the measured side is multiplied by 4, the error in the estimated perimeter lies between

4(0.5)=24(-0.5)=-2

and

4(0.5)=2.4(0.5)=2.

Therefore,

a=2,b=2.\boxed{a=-2,\qquad b=2}.

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

区间 [a,b][a,b] 上均匀分布的方差为 (ba)2/12(b-a)^2/12。代入 a=2a=-2b=2b=2 后开平方,得到标准差。

答题过程

展开 σ=(ba)212=(2(2))212=2331.15.\begin{align*} \sigma=&\, \sqrt{\frac{(b-a)^2}{12}}\\ =&\, \sqrt{\frac{\big(2-(-2)\big)^2}{12}}\\ =&\, \frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}\\ \approx&\, \boxed{1.15}. \end{align*}

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

“估计周长在真实周长的一个标准差以内”等价于 σ<W<σ-\sigma<W<\sigma。均匀分布的概率等于目标区间长度除以总区间长度。

答题过程

展开 P(σ<W<σ)=σ(σ)2(2)=2(23/3)4=330.577.\begin{align*} P(-\sigma<W<\sigma) =&\, \frac{\sigma-(-\sigma)}{2-(-2)}\\ =&\, \frac{2\big(2\sqrt{3}/3\big)}{4}\\ =&\, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\\ \approx&\, \boxed{0.577}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

先由 WW[2,2][-2,2] 上均匀分布求一个正方形满足 W>1.9W>1.9 的概率。100 个正方形中满足条件的个数服从二项分布;由于试验次数较大且成功概率很小,使用均值为 npnp 的泊松分布近似,再求至少 5 个的上尾概率。

答题过程

展开

For one square,

P(W>1.9)=21.92(2)=0.025.P(W>1.9)=\frac{2-1.9}{2-(-2)}=0.025.

Let XX be the number of the 100 squares for which W>1.9W>1.9. Then

XB(100,0.025).X\sim B(100,0.025).

Since nn is large and pp is small,

XY,YPo(100×0.025)=Po(2.5).X\approx Y, \qquad Y\sim\operatorname{Po}(100\times0.025) =\operatorname{Po}(2.5).

Therefore,

P(X5)P(Y5)=1P(Y4)=10.8912=0.10880.109.\begin{align*} P(X\geqslant 5) \approx&\, P(Y\geqslant 5)\\ =&\, 1-P(Y\leqslant 4)\\ =&\, 1-0.8912\\ =&\, 0.1088\\ \approx&\, \boxed{0.109}. \end{align*}