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IAL 2018 Oct S2 Q7

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2018 Oct Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

Members of a conservation group record the number of sightings of a rare animal. The number of sightings follows a Poisson distribution with a rate of 1 every 2 months.

(a) Find the smallest value of nn such that the probability that there are at least nn sightings in 2 months is less than 0.05

(2)

(b) Find the smallest number of months, mm, such that the probability of no sightings in mm months is less than 0.05

(2)

(c) Find the probability that there is at least 1 sighting per month in each of 3 consecutive months.

(3)

(d) Find the probability that the number of sightings in an 8 month period is equal to the expected number of sightings for that period.

(2)

(e) Given that there were 4 sightings in a 4 month period, find the probability that there were more sightings in the last 2 months than in the first 2 months.

(3)

(Total for Question 7 is 12 marks)

题目中文翻译

一个保护团体记录某种稀有动物的目击次数。目击次数服从泊松分布,发生率为每 2 个月 1 次。

(a) 求最小的 nn,使得 2 个月内目击次数至少为 nn 的概率小于 0.05。

(b) 求最小的月数 mm,使得 mm 个月内没有目击的概率小于 0.05。

(c) 求在连续 3 个月中,每个月至少有 1 次目击的概率。

(d) 求 8 个月内的目击次数恰好等于该时段期望目击次数的概率。

(e) 已知 4 个月内有 4 次目击,求后 2 个月的目击次数多于前 2 个月的概率。

(第 7 题共 12 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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两个月内的平均目击次数为 1,因此令 XPo(1)X\sim\operatorname{Po}(1)。要找最小整数 nn,需要比较相邻的上尾概率:前一个值仍不满足小于 0.050.05,而所选的值已经满足。

答题过程

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Let XX be the number of sightings in 2 months. Then

XPo(1).X\sim\operatorname{Po}(1).

From the Poisson tables,

P(X3)=1P(X2)=10.9197=0.0803>0.05,\begin{align*} P(X\geqslant 3)=&\, 1-P(X\leqslant 2)\\ =&\, 1-0.9197\\ =&\, 0.0803>0.05, \end{align*}

whereas

P(X4)=1P(X3)=10.9810=0.0190<0.05.\begin{align*} P(X\geqslant 4)=&\, 1-P(X\leqslant 3)\\ =&\, 1-0.9810\\ =&\, 0.0190<0.05. \end{align*}

Therefore, the smallest value is

n=4.\boxed{n=4}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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每月的平均目击次数为 0.50.5,所以 mm 个月内的平均次数为 0.5m0.5m。泊松变量取 0 的概率为 eλe^{-\lambda},由不等式求出 mm 的范围,再取满足条件的最小整数月数。

答题过程

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Let YY be the number of sightings in mm months. Then

YPo(0.5m).Y\sim\operatorname{Po}(0.5m).

Hence,

P(Y=0)<0.05    e0.5m<0.05    m>2ln(0.05)    m>5.991\begin{align*} P(Y=0)<0.05 \iff&\, e^{-0.5m}<0.05\\ \iff&\, m>-2\ln(0.05)\\ \iff&\, m>5.991\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore, the smallest whole number of months is

m=6.\boxed{m=6}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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一个月内的目击次数服从均值为 0.50.5 的泊松分布。先求一个月至少目击 1 次的概率,再利用互不重叠时间区间内泊松事件数相互独立,将这个概率连乘三次。

答题过程

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Let WW be the number of sightings in one month. Then

WPo(0.5).W\sim\operatorname{Po}(0.5).

For one month,

P(W1)=1P(W=0)=1e0.5.P(W\geqslant 1)=1-P(W=0)=1-e^{-0.5}.

The numbers of sightings in the three separate months are independent, so

P(at least one sighting in each month)=(1e0.5)3=0.0609160.0609.\begin{align*} P(\text{at least one sighting in each month}) =&\, \big(1-e^{-0.5}\big)^3\\ =&\, 0.060916\ldots\\ \approx&\, \boxed{0.0609}. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

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八个月内的期望目击次数为 8×0.5=48\times0.5=4。因此题目要求的是均值为 4 的泊松变量恰好取 4 的概率。

答题过程

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Let SS be the number of sightings in 8 months. Then

SPo(4).S\sim\operatorname{Po}(4).

The expected number of sightings is 4, and hence

P(S=4)=e4444!=0.195360.195.\begin{align*} P(S=4)=&\, \frac{e^{-4}4^4}{4!}\\ =&\, 0.19536\ldots\\ \approx&\, \boxed{0.195}. \end{align*}

(e)

解法一

思路

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前后两个两月区间的平均目击次数都为 1,且两区间相互独立。在总数为 4 的条件下,后两个月次数较多只可能是“前 1、后 3”或“前 0、后 4”。先求这两个联合事件的概率,再除以四个月内总数为 4 的概率。

答题过程

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Let AA and CC be the numbers of sightings in the first and last 2 months respectively, and let B=A+CB=A+C. Then

APo(1),CPo(1),BPo(2).A\sim\operatorname{Po}(1), \qquad C\sim\operatorname{Po}(1), \qquad B\sim\operatorname{Po}(2).

AA and CC are independent. The event C>AC>A with B=4B=4 occurs when (A,C)=(1,3)(A,C)=(1,3) or (A,C)=(0,4)(A,C)=(0,4). Therefore,

P(C>A,B=4)=P(A=1)P(C=3)+P(A=0)P(C=4)=e111!e113!+e110!e114!=5e224.\begin{align*} P(C>A,\,B=4) =&\, P(A=1)P(C=3)\\ &\, +P(A=0)P(C=4)\\ =&\, e^{-1}\frac{1}{1!}\,e^{-1}\frac{1}{3!}\\ &\, +e^{-1}\frac{1}{0!}\,e^{-1}\frac{1}{4!}\\ =&\, \frac{5e^{-2}}{24}. \end{align*}

Also,

P(B=4)=e2244!=2e23.P(B=4)=\frac{e^{-2}2^4}{4!}=\frac{2e^{-2}}{3}.

Hence,

P(C>AB=4)=P(C>A,B=4)P(B=4)=5e2/242e2/3=516.\begin{align*} P(C>A\mid B=4) =&\, \frac{P(C>A,\,B=4)}{P(B=4)}\\ =&\, \frac{5e^{-2}/24}{2e^{-2}/3}\\ =&\, \boxed{\frac{5}{16}}. \end{align*}