题目
Problem
Members of a conservation group record the number of sightings of a rare animal. The number of sightings follows a Poisson distribution with a rate of 1 every 2 months.
(a) Find the smallest value of n such that the probability that there are at least n sightings in 2 months is less than 0.05
(2)
(b) Find the smallest number of months, m, such that the probability of no sightings in m months is less than 0.05
(2)
(c) Find the probability that there is at least 1 sighting per month in each of 3 consecutive months.
(3)
(d) Find the probability that the number of sightings in an 8 month period is equal to the expected number of sightings for that period.
(2)
(e) Given that there were 4 sightings in a 4 month period, find the probability that there were more sightings in the last 2 months than in the first 2 months.
(3)
(Total for Question 7 is 12 marks)
题目中文翻译
一个保护团体记录某种稀有动物的目击次数。目击次数服从泊松分布,发生率为每 2 个月 1 次。
(a) 求最小的 n,使得 2 个月内目击次数至少为 n 的概率小于 0.05。
(b) 求最小的月数 m,使得 m 个月内没有目击的概率小于 0.05。
(c) 求在连续 3 个月中,每个月至少有 1 次目击的概率。
(d) 求 8 个月内的目击次数恰好等于该时段期望目击次数的概率。
(e) 已知 4 个月内有 4 次目击,求后 2 个月的目击次数多于前 2 个月的概率。
(第 7 题共 12 分)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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两个月内的平均目击次数为 1,因此令 X∼Po(1)。要找最小整数 n,需要比较相邻的上尾概率:前一个值仍不满足小于 0.05,而所选的值已经满足。
答题过程
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Let X be the number of sightings in 2 months. Then
X∼Po(1).
From the Poisson tables,
P(X⩾3)===1−P(X⩽2)1−0.91970.0803>0.05,
whereas
P(X⩾4)===1−P(X⩽3)1−0.98100.0190<0.05.
Therefore, the smallest value is
n=4.
(b)
解法一
思路
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每月的平均目击次数为 0.5,所以 m 个月内的平均次数为 0.5m。泊松变量取 0 的概率为 e−λ,由不等式求出 m 的范围,再取满足条件的最小整数月数。
答题过程
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Let Y be the number of sightings in m months. Then
Y∼Po(0.5m).
Hence,
P(Y=0)<0.05⟺⟺⟺e−0.5m<0.05m>−2ln(0.05)m>5.991…
Therefore, the smallest whole number of months is
m=6.
(c)
解法一
思路
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一个月内的目击次数服从均值为 0.5 的泊松分布。先求一个月至少目击 1 次的概率,再利用互不重叠时间区间内泊松事件数相互独立,将这个概率连乘三次。
答题过程
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Let W be the number of sightings in one month. Then
W∼Po(0.5).
For one month,
P(W⩾1)=1−P(W=0)=1−e−0.5.
The numbers of sightings in the three separate months are independent, so
P(at least one sighting in each month)==≈(1−e−0.5)30.060916…0.0609.
(d)
解法一
思路
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八个月内的期望目击次数为 8×0.5=4。因此题目要求的是均值为 4 的泊松变量恰好取 4 的概率。
答题过程
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Let S be the number of sightings in 8 months. Then
S∼Po(4).
The expected number of sightings is 4, and hence
P(S=4)==≈4!e−4440.19536…0.195.
(e)
解法一
思路
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前后两个两月区间的平均目击次数都为 1,且两区间相互独立。在总数为 4 的条件下,后两个月次数较多只可能是“前 1、后 3”或“前 0、后 4”。先求这两个联合事件的概率,再除以四个月内总数为 4 的概率。
答题过程
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Let A and C be the numbers of sightings in the first and last 2 months respectively, and let B=A+C. Then
A∼Po(1),C∼Po(1),B∼Po(2).
A and C are independent. The event C>A with B=4 occurs when (A,C)=(1,3) or (A,C)=(0,4). Therefore,
P(C>A,B=4)===P(A=1)P(C=3)+P(A=0)P(C=4)e−11!1e−13!1+e−10!1e−14!1245e−2.
Also,
P(B=4)=4!e−224=32e−2.
Hence,
P(C>A∣B=4)===P(B=4)P(C>A,B=4)2e−2/35e−2/24165.