题目
Chris runs boat trips between two islands during the summer. During her trips, Chris claims that whales are seen randomly at a mean rate of 2 in every 9 trips.
To investigate Chris’s claim, a random sample of 18 boat trips run by Chris was taken.
(a) Using a 5% level of significance, find the critical region, for a two-tailed test, to enable Chris to test her claim.
(b) State the actual level of significance of this test.
The total number of whales seen in the 18 boat trips was 6
(c) State what this suggests about Chris’s claim. Give a reason for your answer.
The following summer, Chris decides to run n trips so that the probability of her seeing at least one whale is more than 0.9
(d) Assuming Chris’s claim is true, find the minimum value of n.
Chris believes that she sees fewer whales during the winter. A random sample of 45 trips run in the winter was taken and the total number of whales seen was 5
(e) Test, at the 5% level of significance, whether or not the mean rate of whales seen in winter is less than 2 in every 9 trips. State your hypotheses clearly.
(Total for Question 5 is 13 marks)
题目中文翻译
Chris 在夏季经营往返两个岛屿之间的乘船游览。在她的行程中,Chris 声称鲸鱼随机出现,平均每 9 次行程看见 2 头鲸鱼。
为了检验 Chris 的说法,随机抽取了她经营的 18 次乘船行程。
(a) 在 5% 显著性水平下,求用于检验 Chris 说法的双尾检验临界域。
(b) 写出该检验的实际显著性水平。
在这 18 次乘船行程中,共看见 6 头鲸鱼。
(c) 说明这对 Chris 的说法有何启示,并给出理由。
第二年夏季,Chris 决定经营 次行程,使她看见至少一头鲸鱼的概率大于 0.9。
(d) 假设 Chris 的说法正确,求 的最小值。
Chris 认为冬季看见的鲸鱼较少。随机抽取冬季经营的 45 次行程,共看见 5 头鲸鱼。
(e) 在 5% 显著性水平下,检验冬季看见鲸鱼的平均速率是否低于每 9 次行程 2 头,并清楚写出假设。
(第 5 题共 13 分)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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若 Chris 的说法成立,18 次行程中看见鲸鱼的总数服从均值 的泊松分布。双尾 5% 检验把每一尾控制在不超过 2.5%;分别检查相邻的下尾和上尾累积概率,确定不能再扩大的临界域。
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Let be the total number of whales seen in 18 trips. Under Chris’s claim,
For the lower tail,
but
For the upper tail,
but
Therefore, the critical region is
(b)
解法一
思路
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实际显著性水平是原假设成立时落入临界域的总概率,因此把 (a) 的两尾概率相加。
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The actual significance level is
(c)
解法一
思路
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把实际观测值 6 与 (a) 的临界域比较。6 不在临界域内,因此没有理由拒绝 Chris 所声称的平均速率。
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Since is not in the critical region, the result is consistent with Chris’s claim.
(d)
解法一
思路
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若每 9 次行程平均看见 2 头鲸鱼,则 次行程的泊松均值是 。利用“至少一头”是“零头”的补集建立不等式,解出 的范围后取最小整数,并检查相邻整数。
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Let be the number of whales seen in trips. Then
We require
Taking logarithms,
Also,
and
Hence the minimum value is
(e)
解法一
思路
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“冬季速率较低”对应下尾单侧检验。按原速率,45 次行程的期望总数是 ;计算观测到 5 头或更少的下尾概率,并与 5% 比较。
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Let be the mean number of whales seen in 45 winter trips. The hypotheses are
Under , let
The p-value is
Since , is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence at the 5% significance level that the mean rate of whales seen in winter is lower than 2 in every 9 trips.
解法二
思路
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官方评分资料也接受临界域方法。检查相邻下尾概率可得 ,而 ,所以临界域为 ;观测值 5 不在其中。
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Use
with under . Now,
whereas
Hence the critical region is . Since the observed value is not in the critical region, is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence that the winter whale-sighting rate has decreased.