题目
A manufacturer produces plates. The proportion of plates that are flawed is 45%, with flawed plates occurring independently.
A random sample of 10 of these plates is selected.
(a) Find the probability that the sample contains
(i) fewer than 2 flawed plates,
(ii) at least 6 flawed plates.
George believes that the proportion of flawed plates is not 45%. To assess his belief George takes a random sample of 120 plates. The random variable F represents the number of flawed plates found in the sample.
(b) Using a normal approximation, find the maximum number of plates, c, and the minimum number of plates, d, such that P(F ≤ c) ≤ 0.05 and P(F ≥ d) ≤ 0.05 where F ~ B(120, 0.45)
The manufacturer claims that, after a change to the production process, the proportion of flawed plates has decreased. A random sample of 30 plates, taken after the change to the production process, contains 8 flawed plates.
(c) Use a suitable hypothesis test, at the 5% level of significance, to assess the manufacturer’s claim. State your hypotheses clearly.
(Total for Question 3 is 15 marks)
题目中文翻译
一家制造商生产盘子。盘子有缺陷的比例为 45%,且缺陷盘子彼此独立出现。
随机抽取 10 个盘子。
(a) 求样本中:
(i) 少于 2 个有缺陷盘子的概率;
(ii) 至少 6 个有缺陷盘子的概率。
George 认为有缺陷盘子的比例不是 45%。为了检验他的看法,他抽取了 120 个盘子。随机变量 表示样本中有缺陷盘子的数量。
(b) 使用正态近似,求最大的盘子数 和最小的盘子数 ,使得
且
其中 。
制造商声称,在生产工艺改变后,有缺陷盘子的比例下降了。改变工艺后随机抽取 30 个盘子,其中 8 个有缺陷。
(c) 使用合适的假设检验,在 5% 显著性水平下检验制造商的说法,并清楚写出假设。
(第 3 题共 15 分)
解答
(a)(i)
解法一
思路
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每个盘子有缺陷的概率为 0.45,且各盘子彼此独立,所以缺陷盘子数服从二项分布。“少于 2 个”包括 0 个和 1 个,可直接计算累积概率。
答题过程
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Let be the number of flawed plates in the sample. Then
Therefore,
(a)(ii)
解法一
思路
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“至少 6 个”是“不超过 5 个”的补集。沿用 (i) 的二项分布,计算 。
答题过程
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(b)
解法一
思路
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用正态分布近似 ,其均值为 54、方差为 29.7。左右两尾各对应标准正态的 5% 分位点 。计算 时用边界 ,计算 时用边界 ,最后根据最大或最小整数要求取值。
答题过程
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The mean and variance are
and
Hence
For the lower tail, using a continuity correction,
Therefore,
so . The maximum integer value is
For the upper tail,
Therefore,
so . The minimum integer value is
(c)
解法一
思路
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制造商声称缺陷率下降,因此进行下尾单侧检验。以原比例 0.45 为原假设,计算在 下出现 8 个或更少缺陷盘子的概率,并与 5% 比较。
答题过程
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Let be the proportion of flawed plates. The hypotheses are
Under , let
The p-value is
Since , is rejected. There is sufficient evidence at the 5% significance level to support the manufacturer’s claim that the proportion of flawed plates has decreased.
解法二
思路
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也可以按官方评分资料接受的临界域路线作答。检查相邻累积概率可知,,但 ,所以 5% 下尾临界域是 。
答题过程
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Use the hypotheses
with under . Now,
whereas
Hence the critical region is . The observed value lies in the critical region, so is rejected. The data support the manufacturer’s claim that the proportion of flawed plates has decreased.