题目
In a peat bog, Common Spotted-orchids occur at a mean rate of 4.5 per m^2
(a) Give an assumption, not already stated, that is required for the number of Common Spotted-orchids per m^2 of the peat bog to follow a Poisson distribution.
Given that the number of Common Spotted-orchids in 1 m^2 of the peat bog can be modelled by a Poisson distribution,
(b) find the probability that in a randomly selected 1 m^2 of the peat bog
(i) there are exactly 6 Common Spotted-orchids,
(ii) there are fewer than 10 but more than 4 Common Spotted-orchids.
Juan believes that by introducing a new management scheme the number of Common Spotted-orchids in the peat bog will increase. After three years under the new management scheme, a randomly selected 2 m^2 of the peat bog contains 11 Common Spotted-orchids.
(c) Using a 5% significance level assess Juan’s belief. State your hypotheses clearly.
Assuming that in the peat bog, Common Spotted-orchids still occur at a mean rate of 4.5 per m^2
(d) use a normal approximation to find the probability that in a randomly selected 20 m^2 of the peat bog there are fewer than 70 Common Spotted-orchids.
Following a period of dry weather, the probability that there are fewer than 70 Common Spotted-orchids in a randomly selected 20 m^2 of the peat bog is 0.012
A random sample of 200 non-overlapping 20 m^2 areas of the peat bog is taken.
(e) Using a suitable approximation, calculate the probability that at most 1 of these areas contains fewer than 70 Common Spotted-orchids.
(Total for Question 4 is 16 marks)
题目中文翻译
在一个泥炭沼泽中,斑点兰的平均出现率为每平方米 4.5 株。
(a) 写出一条未在题干中说明、但使每平方米斑点兰数量服从泊松分布所需的假设。
已知该泥炭沼泽中 1 m^2 的斑点兰数量可用泊松分布建模。
(b) 求随机选取的 1 m^2 沼泽中:
(i) 恰好有 6 株斑点兰的概率;
(ii) 多于 4 株但少于 10 株斑点兰的概率。
Juan 认为通过引入新的管理方案,沼泽中的斑点兰数量会增加。经过三年新的管理方案后,随机选取的 2 m^2 沼泽中有 11 株斑点兰。
(c) 在 5% 显著性水平下检验 Juan 的看法,并清楚写出假设。
假设泥炭沼泽中的斑点兰仍以每平方米 4.5 株的平均速率出现。
(d) 使用正态近似,求随机选取的 20 m^2 沼泽中斑点兰少于 70 株的概率。
在一段干旱天气后,随机选取的 20 m^2 沼泽中斑点兰少于 70 株的概率为 0.012。
随机抽取 200 个互不重叠的 20 m^2 区域。
(e) 使用合适的近似,求其中至多 1 个区域含有少于 70 株斑点兰的概率。
(第 4 题共 16 分)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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泊松模型要求事件在区域内随机且彼此独立地发生。题目已经给出恒定的平均出现率,因此补充独立性这一假设即可。
答题过程
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Common Spotted-orchids occur independently of one another.
(b)(i)
解法一
思路
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在 区域内,斑点兰数量服从均值为 4.5 的泊松分布。把 代入泊松概率质量函数。
答题过程
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Let be the number of Common Spotted-orchids in . Then
Therefore,
(b)(ii)
解法一
思路
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“多于 4 但少于 10”对应 。利用两个累积概率之差 计算。
答题过程
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(c)
解法一
思路
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Juan 认为平均数量增加,因此进行上尾单侧检验。原平均率为每平方米 4.5 株,所以在 内原假设的均值是 9。计算观测到至少 11 株的上尾概率,并与 5% 比较。
答题过程
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Let be the mean number of Common Spotted-orchids in . The hypotheses are
Under , let
The p-value is
Since , is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence at the 5% significance level to support Juan’s belief that the number of Common Spotted-orchids has increased.
解法二
思路
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官方评分资料也接受临界域路线。由上尾概率找出不超过 5% 的最小临界值:,但把边界扩到 14 后概率会超过 5%,所以临界域是 。
答题过程
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Use the hypotheses
with under . Now,
whereas
Hence the critical region is . Since the observed value is not in the critical region, is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to support Juan’s belief.
(d)
解法一
思路
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在 内,泊松均值为 ;用均值和方差同为 90 的正态分布近似。“少于 70”即不超过 69,连续性修正后的边界是 69.5。
答题过程
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Let be the number of Common Spotted-orchids in . Using a normal approximation,
Applying a continuity correction,
(e)
解法一
思路
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设符合条件的区域数为 ,则原本有 。因为样本量大而成功概率小,用均值 的泊松分布近似,再计算 。
答题过程
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Let be the number of areas containing fewer than 70 Common Spotted-orchids. Then
Using a Poisson approximation,
Therefore,