Skip to content
CalcGospel 國際數學圖譜
返回

IAL 2021 Jan S2 Q3

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2021 Jan Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

The number of water fleas, in 100 ml of pond water, has a Poisson distribution with mean 7

(a) Find the probability that a sample of 100 ml of the pond water does not contain exactly 4 water fleas.

(2)

Aja collects 5 separate samples, each of 100 ml, of the pond water.

(b) Find the probability that exactly 1 of these samples contains exactly 4 water fleas.

(3)

Using a normal approximation, the probability that more than 3 water fleas will be found in a random sample of n ml of the pond water is 0.9394 correct to 4 significant figures.

(c) (i) Show that

n1.55n0.0750=0n-1.55\sqrt{\frac{n}{0.07}}-50=0

(5)

(ii) Hence find the value of n

(2)

After the pond has been cleaned, the number of water fleas in a 100 ml random sample of the pond water is 15

(d) Using a suitable test, at the 1% level of significance, assess whether or not there is evidence that the number of water fleas per 100 ml of the pond water has increased. State your hypotheses clearly.

(5)

(Total for Question 3 is 17 marks)

题目中文翻译

每 100 ml 池塘水中的水蚤数量服从均值为 7 的泊松分布。

(a) 求一份 100 ml 池塘水样本中不恰好含有 4 只水蚤的概率。

(b) Aja 取了 5 份独立的 100 ml 池塘水样本。求其中恰好 1 份样本恰好含有 4 只水蚤的概率。

使用正态近似,随机取 nn ml 的池塘水样本时,含有多于 3 只水蚤的概率为 0.9394,精确到 4 位有效数字。

(c) (i) 证明

n1.55n0.0750=0n-1.55\sqrt{\frac{n}{0.07}}-50=0

(ii) 因而求 nn 的值。

池塘清理后,随机取 100 ml 池塘水样本,发现有 15 只水蚤。

(d) 使用合适的检验,在 1% 显著性水平下判断是否有证据表明每 100 ml 池塘水中的水蚤数量增加了,并清楚写出假设。

(第 3 题共 17 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

XX 表示一份 100 ml 水样中的水蚤数,则 XPo(7)X\sim\operatorname{Po}(7)。“不恰好为 4”是事件 X=4X=4 的补集。

答题过程

展开

Let XX be the number of water fleas in a 100 ml sample. Then

XPo(7).X\sim\operatorname{Po}(7).

Therefore,

P(X4)=1P(X=4)=1e7744!=0.908773=0.909(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(X\ne4) =&\,1-P(X=4) \\[4mm] =&\,1-\frac{e^{-7}7^4}{4!} \\[4mm] =&\,0.908773\ldots \\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{0.909}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

每份水样恰好含 4 只水蚤的概率为 10.9087731-0.908773\ldots。5 份独立水样中满足这一条件的份数服从二项分布,所求为恰好成功 1 次。

答题过程

展开

Let YY be the number of the 5 samples that contain exactly 4 water fleas. Then

YB(5,0.091226).Y\sim\operatorname{B}(5,0.091226\ldots).

Hence,

P(Y=1)=(51)(0.091226)×(0.908773)4=0.311109=0.311(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(Y=1) =&\,{5\choose1}(0.091226\ldots) \\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}\times(0.908773\ldots)^4 \\[4mm] =&\,0.311109\ldots \\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{0.311}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}

(c)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

水蚤数量的均值与水样体积成正比,因此 nn ml 水样的泊松均值为 0.07n0.07n。以同均值、同方差的正态分布近似,并对“多于 3”使用 3.53.5 的连续性修正。由下尾概率 0.06060.0606 查得标准正态值 1.55-1.55,再整理成题目要求的形式。

答题过程

展开

Let AA be the number of water fleas in an nn ml sample. Its Poisson mean is

λ=7(n100)=0.07n.\lambda=7\left(\frac{n}{100}\right)=0.07n.

Using a normal approximation,

AN(0.07n,0.07n).A\approx N(0.07n,0.07n).

Since P(A>3)=0.9394P(A>3)=0.9394,

P(A3)=0.0606.P(A\leqslant3)=0.0606.

Applying the continuity correction and using Φ(1.55)=0.0606\Phi(-1.55)=0.0606,

3.50.07n0.07n=1.55.\frac{3.5-0.07n}{\sqrt{0.07n}}=-1.55.

Therefore,

0.07n3.5=1.550.07nn50=1.55n0.07n1.55n0.0750=0,\begin{align*} 0.07n-3.5=&\,1.55\sqrt{0.07n} \\[4mm] n-50=&\,1.55\sqrt{\frac{n}{0.07}} \\[4mm] n-1.55\sqrt{\frac{n}{0.07}}-50=&\,0, \end{align*}

as required.

(c)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

y=ny=\sqrt n,把含根号的方程化为关于 yy 的二次方程。由于 n0\sqrt n\geqslant0,需要舍去负根,再平方求出 nn

答题过程

展开

Let y=ny=\sqrt n, where y0y\geqslant0. The equation from part (c)(i) becomes

y21.550.07y50=0.y^2-\frac{1.55}{\sqrt{0.07}}y-50=0.

Using the quadratic formula gives

y=10.5830ory=4.724.y=10.5830\ldots \quad\text{or}\quad y=-4.724\ldots.

Rejecting the negative value because y=n0y=\sqrt n\geqslant0,

n=y2=(10.5830)2=112.n=y^2=(10.5830\ldots)^2=\boxed{112}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

“数量增加”对应泊松均值的右尾检验,因此备择假设为 λ>7\lambda>7。在原假设下计算出现至少 15 只水蚤的概率,并与显著性水平 0.010.01 比较。

答题过程

展开

Let XX be the number of water fleas in a 100 ml sample. Test

H0:λ=7againstH1:λ>7.H_0:\lambda=7 \qquad\text{against}\qquad H_1:\lambda>7.

Under H0H_0, XPo(7)X\sim\operatorname{Po}(7). The pp-value is

P(X15)=1P(X14)=10.994282=0.00572(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(X\geqslant15) =&\,1-P(X\leqslant14) \\[4mm] =&\,1-0.994282\ldots \\[4mm] =&\,0.00572\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}

Since 0.00572<0.010.00572<0.01, reject H0H_0. There is evidence at the 1% level of significance that the mean number of water fleas per 100 ml of pond water has increased.

解法二

思路

展开

也可以使用临界域完成同一个右尾检验。比较相邻两个右尾概率,找出累计概率首次不超过 0.010.01 的最小水蚤数。

答题过程

展开

Use the same hypotheses:

H0:λ=7andH1:λ>7.H_0:\lambda=7 \qquad\text{and}\qquad H_1:\lambda>7.

Under H0H_0,

P(X14)=0.0128P(X\geqslant14)=0.0128

and

P(X15)=0.00572.P(X\geqslant15)=0.00572.

Therefore the 1% upper-tail critical region is

X15.X\geqslant15.

The observed value, 1515, lies in the critical region, so reject H0H_0. There is evidence at the 1% level of significance that the mean number of water fleas per 100 ml of pond water has increased.