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IAL 2021 Oct S2 Q1

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

A research project into food purchases found that 35% of people who buy eggs do not buy free range eggs.

A random sample of 30 people who bought eggs is taken. The random variable F denotes the number of people who do not buy free range eggs.

(a) Find P(F ≥ 12)

(2)

(b) Find P(8 ≤ F < 15)

(2)

A farm shop gives 3 loyalty points with every purchase of free range eggs. With every purchase of eggs that are not free range the farm shop gives 1 loyalty point.

A random sample of 30 customers who buy eggs from the farm shop is taken.

(c) Find the probability that the total number of points given to these customers is less than 70

(3)

The manager of the farm shop believes that the proportion of customers who buy eggs but do not buy free range eggs is more than 35%

In a survey of 200 customers who buy eggs, 86 do not buy free range eggs.

Using a suitable test and a normal approximation,

(d) determine, at the 5% level of significance, whether there is evidence to support the manager’s belief. State your hypotheses clearly.

(7)

(Total for Question 1 is 14 marks)

题目中文翻译

一项关于食物购买的研究发现,在购买鸡蛋的人中,有 35% 的人不购买散养鸡蛋。

随机抽取 30 名购买了鸡蛋的人。随机变量 F 表示其中不购买散养鸡蛋的人数。

(a) 求 P(F12)P(F \geqslant 12)

(b) 求 P(8F<15)P(8 \leqslant F < 15)

一家农场商店每购买一盒散养鸡蛋给 3 个积分;每购买一盒非散养鸡蛋给 1 个积分。

随机抽取 30 位在该农场商店购买鸡蛋的顾客。

(c) 求这 30 位顾客总共获得的积分少于 70 的概率。

该农场商店经理认为,购买鸡蛋但不购买散养鸡蛋的顾客比例超过 35%。

在对 200 位购买鸡蛋的顾客做调查时,86 人不购买散养鸡蛋。

使用合适的检验和正态近似,

(d) 在 5% 显著性水平下,判断是否有证据支持经理的看法,并清楚写出假设。

(第 1 题共 14 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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30 人中每人不购买散养鸡蛋的概率为 0.350.35,所以 FF 服从二项分布。「至少 12 人」是右尾事件,用 1 减去至多 11 人的累积概率。

答题过程

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The number of people who do not buy free range eggs follows

FB(30,0.35).F\sim\operatorname{B}(30,0.35).

Therefore,

P(F12)=1P(F11)=0.34517\begin{align*} P(F\geqslant12)=&\,1-P(F\leqslant11) \\[4mm] =&\,0.34517\ldots \end{align*}

Hence the required probability is 0.345\boxed{0.345} to 3 significant figures.

(b)

解法一

思路

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由于 FF 只取整数,8F<158\leqslant F<15 等价于 8F148\leqslant F\leqslant14。用至多 14 人的累积概率减去至多 7 人的累积概率。

答题过程

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Using FB(30,0.35)F\sim\operatorname{B}(30,0.35),

P(8F<15)=P(F14)P(F7)=0.81104\begin{align*} P(8\leqslant F<15) =&\,P(F\leqslant14)-P(F\leqslant7) \\[4mm] =&\,0.81104\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore, the required probability is 0.811\boxed{0.811} to 3 significant figures.

(c)

解法一

思路

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FF 表示购买非散养鸡蛋的顾客数,则其余 30F30-F 人购买散养鸡蛋。把总积分写成 3(30F)+F3(30-F)+F,解出总积分少于 70 对应的 FF 的整数范围,再计算二项分布右尾概率。

答题过程

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If FF customers buy eggs that are not free range, then 30F30-F customers buy free range eggs. The total number of points is

3(30F)+F=902F.3(30-F)+F=90-2F.

For the total to be less than 70,

902F<70F>10.\begin{align*} 90-2F<&\,70 \\[4mm] F>&\,10. \end{align*}

Therefore,

P(total points<70)=P(F>10)=1P(F10)=0.4922\begin{align*} P(\text{total points}<70) =&\,P(F>10) \\[4mm] =&\,1-P(F\leqslant10) \\[4mm] =&\,0.4922\ldots \end{align*}

Hence the required probability is 0.492\boxed{0.492} to 3 significant figures.

解法二

思路

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也可以改用购买散养鸡蛋的顾客数 RR。此时 RB(30,0.65)R\sim\operatorname{B}(30,0.65),总积分为 3R+(30R)3R+(30-R);解不等式得到 R<20R<20,再求相应左尾概率。

答题过程

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Let RR be the number of customers who buy free range eggs. Then

RB(30,0.65).R\sim\operatorname{B}(30,0.65).

The total number of points is

3R+(30R)=30+2R.3R+(30-R)=30+2R.

Thus,

30+2R<70R<20.\begin{align*} 30+2R<&\,70 \\[4mm] R<&\,20. \end{align*}

Since RR is an integer,

P(total points<70)=P(R19)=0.4922=0.492.\begin{align*} P(\text{total points}<70) =&\,P(R\leqslant19) \\[4mm] =&\,0.4922\ldots \\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{0.492}. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

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pp 为购买鸡蛋但不购买散养鸡蛋的顾客比例。经理认为比例增加,所以使用右尾检验。在原假设下,200 人中的人数服从二项分布,并用均值 70、方差 45.5 的正态分布近似。观察到 86 人,对右尾作连续性修正后计算 pp 值,再与 0.05 比较并写出情境化结论。

答题过程

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Let pp be the proportion of customers who buy eggs but do not buy free range eggs. The hypotheses are

H0:p=0.35,H1:p>0.35.H_0:p=0.35, \qquad H_1:p>0.35.

Let YY be the number of such customers in the sample of 200. Under H0H_0,

YB(200,0.35).Y\sim\operatorname{B}(200,0.35).

Using a normal approximation,

Y˙N(70,45.5),Y\mathrel{\dot\sim}\operatorname{N}(70,45.5),

since

np=70,np(1p)=45.5.np=70, \qquad np(1-p)=45.5.

Applying a continuity correction,

P(Y86)P(Z>85.57045.5)=P(Z>2.297)=0.0108\begin{align*} P(Y\geqslant86) \approx&\,P\left(Z>\frac{85.5-70}{\sqrt{45.5}}\right) \\[4mm] =&\,P(Z>2.297\ldots) \\[4mm] =&\,0.0108\ldots \end{align*}

Since 0.0108<0.050.0108<0.05, reject H0H_0. There is sufficient evidence at the 5% significance level to support the manager’s belief that the proportion of customers who buy eggs but do not buy free range eggs is greater than 35%.

解法二

思路

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也可以先用同一个正态近似求 5% 右尾检验的临界区域。把带连续性修正的边界标准化并令其等于标准正态的 95% 分位数 1.64491.6449,求出最小临界整数;观察值 86 落在临界区域内,因此结论相同。

答题过程

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Use the same hypotheses and the approximation

Y˙N(70,45.5).Y\mathrel{\dot\sim}\operatorname{N}(70,45.5).

Let the critical region be YcY\geqslant c. With a continuity correction,

c0.57045.5=1.6449.\frac{c-0.5-70}{\sqrt{45.5}}=1.6449.

Hence,

c=70.5+1.644945.5=81.595\begin{align*} c=&\,70.5+1.6449\sqrt{45.5} \\[4mm] =&\,81.595\ldots \end{align*}

Therefore, the critical region is

Y82.Y\geqslant82.

Since the observed value Y=86Y=86 lies in the critical region, reject H0H_0. There is sufficient evidence at the 5% significance level to support the manager’s belief that the proportion is greater than 35%.