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IAL 2021 Oct S2 Q5

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

A bag contains a large number of counters.

40% of the counters are numbered 1 35% of the counters are numbered 2 25% of the counters are numbered 3

In a game Alif draws two counters at random from the bag. His score is 4 times the number on the first counter minus 2 times the number on the second counter.

(a) Show that Alif gets a score of 8 with probability 0.0875

(b) Find the sampling distribution of Alif’s score.

(c) Calculate Alif’s expected score.

(1)
(5)
(2)

(Total for Question 5 is 8 marks)

题目中文翻译

一个袋子里有许多计数器。

其中 40% 编号为 1,35% 编号为 2,25% 编号为 3。

在一个游戏中,Alif 从袋中随机抽取两个计数器。他的得分定义为:第一个计数器上的数字的 4 倍减去第二个计数器上的数字的 2 倍。

(a) 证明 Alif 得到 8 分的概率为 0.0875。

(b) 求 Alif 得分的抽样分布。

(c) 求 Alif 的期望得分。

(第 5 题共 8 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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设第一次与第二次抽到的号码分别为 AABB,得分为 4A2B4A-2B。逐一检查 A,B{1,2,3}A,B\in\{1,2,3\},只有先抽到 3、后抽到 2 时得分为 8;两次抽取独立,因此概率相乘。

答题过程

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A score of 8 occurs when the first counter is numbered 3 and the second counter is numbered 2, since

4(3)2(2)=8.4(3)-2(2)=8.

Therefore,

P(S=8)=0.25×0.35=0.0875,P(S=8)=0.25\times0.35=0.0875,

as required.

(b)

解法一

思路

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把两次抽到的号码组成有序对 (A,B)(A,B),逐一计算得分 S=4A2BS=4A-2B 与对应概率 P(A)P(B)P(A)P(B)。若多个有序对产生相同得分,就把这些互斥结果的概率相加,最后检查分布中的概率总和为 1。

答题过程

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Let AA and BB be the numbers on the first and second counters respectively, so that

S=4A2B.S=4A-2B.

The possible ordered outcomes are

(A,B)(A,B)SSProbability
(1,1)(1,1)220.42=0.160.4^2=0.16
(1,2)(1,2)000.4(0.35)=0.140.4(0.35)=0.14
(1,3)(1,3)2-20.4(0.25)=0.100.4(0.25)=0.10
(2,1)(2,1)660.35(0.4)=0.140.35(0.4)=0.14
(2,2)(2,2)440.352=0.12250.35^2=0.1225
(2,3)(2,3)220.35(0.25)=0.08750.35(0.25)=0.0875
(3,1)(3,1)10100.25(0.4)=0.100.25(0.4)=0.10
(3,2)(3,2)880.25(0.35)=0.08750.25(0.35)=0.0875
(3,3)(3,3)660.252=0.06250.25^2=0.0625

Combining outcomes that give the same score, the sampling distribution is

ss2-200224466881010
P(S=s)P(S=s)0.100.100.140.140.24750.24750.12250.12250.20250.20250.08750.08750.100.10

The probabilities sum to 1, as required.

(c)

解法一

思路

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直接使用 (b) 的抽样分布,按 E(S)=sP(S=s)E(S)=\sum sP(S=s) 将每个得分乘以其概率后相加。

答题过程

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Using the sampling distribution,

E(S)=(2)(0.10)+(0)(0.14)+2(0.2475)+4(0.1225)+6(0.2025)+8(0.0875)+10(0.10)=3.7.\begin{align*} E(S)=&\,(-2)(0.10)+(0)(0.14) \\[4mm] &\,+2(0.2475)+4(0.1225) \\[4mm] &\,+6(0.2025)+8(0.0875) \\[4mm] &\,+10(0.10) \\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{3.7}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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官方评分资料也接受使用期望的线性性质。两次抽取的号码具有相同分布,先求单次号码的期望,再由 S=4A2BS=4A-2BE(S)=4E(A)2E(B)E(S)=4E(A)-2E(B);这里不需要额外使用独立性。

答题过程

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For either draw,

E(A)=E(B)=1(0.40)+2(0.35)+3(0.25)=1.85.\begin{align*} E(A)=E(B) =&\,1(0.40)+2(0.35)+3(0.25) \\[4mm] =&\,1.85. \end{align*}

By linearity of expectation,

E(S)=E(4A2B)=4E(A)2E(B)=4(1.85)2(1.85)=3.7.\begin{align*} E(S)=&\,E(4A-2B) \\[4mm] =&\,4E(A)-2E(B) \\[4mm] =&\,4(1.85)-2(1.85) \\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{3.7}. \end{align*}