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S2 2021 Oct Q5

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2021 Oct Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

A bag contains a large number of counters.

40% of the counters are numbered 1

35% of the counters are numbered 2

25% of the counters are numbered 3

In a game Alif draws two counters at random from the bag. His score is 4 times the number on the first counter minus 2 times the number on the second counter.

(a) Show that Alif gets a score of 8 with probability 0.0875

(1)

(b) Find the sampling distribution of Alif’s score.

(5)

(c) Calculate Alif’s expected score.

(2)

(Total for Question 5 is 8 marks)

题目中文翻译

一个袋子里有许多筹码。

其中 40% 编号为 1,35% 编号为 2,25% 编号为 3。

在一个游戏中,Alif 从袋中随机抽取两个筹码。他的得分定义为:第一个筹码上的数字的 4 倍减去第二个筹码上的数字的 2 倍。

(a) 证明 Alif 得到 8 分的概率为 0.0875。

(1)

(b) 求 Alif 得分的抽样分布。

(5)

(c) 求 Alif 的期望得分。

(2)

(第 5 题共 8 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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设第一次与第二次抽到的号码分别为 AA、BB,得分为 4A−2B4A-2B。逐一检查 A,B∈{1,2,3}A,B\in\{1,2,3\},只有先抽到 3、后抽到 2 时得分为 8;两次抽取独立,因此概率相乘。

答题过程

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Let SS be Alif’s score. A score of 8 occurs when the first counter is numbered 3 and the second counter is numbered 2, since

4(3)−2(2)=8.4(3)-2(2)=8.

Therefore,

P(S=8)= 0.25×0.35= 0.0875,\begin{align*} P(S=8)=&\,0.25\times0.35 \\[4mm] =&\,0.0875, \end{align*}

as required.

(b)

解法一

思路

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把两次抽到的号码组成有序对 (A,B)(A,B),逐一计算得分 S=4A−2BS=4A-2B 与对应概率 P(A)P(B)P(A)P(B)。若多个有序对产生相同得分,就把这些互斥结果的概率相加,最后检查分布中的概率总和为 1。

答题过程

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Let AA and BB be the numbers on the first and second counters respectively, so that

S=4A−2B.S=4A-2B.

The possible ordered outcomes are

(A,B)(A,B)SSProbability
(1,1)(1,1)220.420.4^2
=0.16=0.16
(1,2)(1,2)000.4(0.35)0.4(0.35)
=0.14=0.14
(1,3)(1,3)−2-20.4(0.25)0.4(0.25)
=0.10=0.10
(2,1)(2,1)660.35(0.4)0.35(0.4)
=0.14=0.14
(2,2)(2,2)440.3520.35^2
=0.1225=0.1225
(2,3)(2,3)220.35(0.25)0.35(0.25)
=0.0875=0.0875
(3,1)(3,1)10100.25(0.4)0.25(0.4)
=0.10=0.10
(3,2)(3,2)880.25(0.35)0.25(0.35)
=0.0875=0.0875
(3,3)(3,3)660.2520.25^2
=0.0625=0.0625

Combining outcomes that give the same score, the sampling distribution is

ssP(S=s)P(S=s)
−2-20.100.10
000.140.14
220.24750.2475
440.12250.1225
660.20250.2025
880.08750.0875
10100.100.10

The probabilities sum to 1, as required.

(c)

解法一

思路

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直接使用 (b) 的抽样分布,按 E(S)=∑sP(S=s)E(S)=\sum sP(S=s) 将每个得分乘以其概率后相加。

答题过程

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Using the sampling distribution,

 E(S)= (−2)(0.10)+(0)(0.14) +2(0.2475) +4(0.1225) +6(0.2025) +8(0.0875) +10(0.10)= 3.7.\begin{align*} &\,E(S) \\[4mm] =&\,(-2)(0.10)+(0)(0.14) \\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+2(0.2475) \\[4mm] &\,\hspace{4pt}+4(0.1225) \\[4mm] &\,\hspace{6pt}+6(0.2025) \\[4mm] &\,\hspace{8pt}+8(0.0875) \\[4mm] &\,\hspace{10pt}+10(0.10) \\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{3.7}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以使用期望的线性性质。两次抽取的号码具有相同分布,先求单次号码的期望,再分别乘以得分公式中的系数并相减;这里不需要额外使用独立性。

答题过程

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For either draw,

 E(A)=E(B)= 1(0.40)+2(0.35) +3(0.25)= 1.85.\begin{align*} &\,E(A)=E(B) \\[4mm] =&\,1(0.40)+2(0.35) \\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+3(0.25) \\[4mm] =&\,1.85. \end{align*}

By linearity of expectation,

 E(S)= E(4A−2B)= 4E(A)−2E(B)= 4(1.85)−2(1.85)= 3.7.\begin{align*} &\,E(S) \\[4mm] =&\,E(4A-2B) \\[4mm] =&\,4E(A)-2E(B) \\[4mm] =&\,4(1.85)-2(1.85) \\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{3.7}. \end{align*}