题目
Applicants for a pilot training programme with a passenger airline are screened for colour blindness. Past records show that the proportion of applicants identified as colour blind is 0.045
(a) Write down a suitable model for the distribution of the number of applicants identified as colour blind from a total of applicants.
(b) State one assumption necessary for this distribution to be a suitable model of this situation.
(c) Using a suitable approximation, find the probability that exactly 5 out of 120 applicants are identified as colour blind.
(d) Explain why the approximation that you used in part (c) is appropriate.
Jaymini claims that 75% of all applicants for this training programme go on to become pilots.
From a random sample of 96 applicants for this training programme 67 go on to become pilots.
(e) Using a suitable approximation, test Jaymini’s claim at the 5% level of significance. State your hypotheses clearly.
(Total for Question 5 is 14 marks)
题目中文翻译
一项面向客运航空公司的飞行员培训项目会筛查申请者的色盲情况。以往记录显示,被识别为色盲的申请者比例为 0.045。
(a) 写出一个合适的模型,用于表示在总共 名申请者中,被识别为色盲的人数分布。
(b) 说明使该分布适合此情境的一个必要假设。
(c) 使用适当的近似方法,求在 120 名申请者中恰好 5 人被识别为色盲的概率。
(d) 解释为什么 (c) 中使用的近似是适当的。
Jaymini 声称该培训项目的所有申请者中有 75% 最终会成为飞行员。
从该培训项目的 96 名申请者随机抽样,其中 67 人最终成为飞行员。
(e) 使用适当的近似方法,在 5% 显著性水平下检验 Jaymini 的主张。 清楚陈述你的假设。
(第 5 题共 14 分)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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每名申请者只有“被识别为色盲”或“未被识别为色盲”两种结果,概率固定为 ,因此人数适合用二项分布建模。
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Let be the number of applicants identified as colour blind. A suitable model is
(b)
解法一
思路
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二项模型需要各次试验独立且成功概率不变。结合题目情境,可说明不同申请者的色盲识别结果相互独立,或该比例随时间保持不变。
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The applicants’ colour-blindness outcomes are independent.
(c)
解法一
思路
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原分布为 。由于 大而 很小,用参数 的泊松分布近似,再计算恰好 5 人的单点概率。
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Let be the number identified as colour blind. Then
Using the Poisson approximation,
Therefore,
(d)
解法一
思路
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泊松分布近似二项分布的适用条件是试验次数较大、单次成功概率较小。本题 较大而 很小,符合条件。
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The approximation is appropriate because the binomial distribution has a large value of and a very small value of :
(e)
解法一
思路
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令 为申请者最终成为飞行员的概率。主张是 ,而检验是否“不同于”该比例,所以采用双侧检验。样本量足够大,可用正态分布近似二项分布,并对观测值 67 使用连续性修正 。双侧 5% 检验的单尾临界概率是 。
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Let be the probability that an applicant goes on to become a pilot.
Under , if is the number who become pilots, then
Using a normal approximation,
With a continuity correction,
Since this is a two-tailed test,
Therefore, we do not reject . There is insufficient evidence at the 5% significance level against Jaymini’s claim that 75% of applicants go on to become pilots.
解法二
思路
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官方评分资料还给出等价的“未成为飞行员”路线。此时零假设比例为 ,样本中未成为飞行员的有 人;使用连续性修正 计算右尾概率,结论应与解法一完全一致。
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Let be the probability that an applicant does not go on to become a pilot.
There are applicants in the sample who did not become pilots. Under ,
Using a continuity correction,
Again, , so we do not reject . There is insufficient evidence at the 5% significance level against Jaymini’s claim.