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IAL 2022 June S2 Q5

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2022 June Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

The number of particles per millilitre in a solution is modelled by a Poisson distribution with mean 0.15

A randomly selected 50 millilitre sample of the solution is taken.

(a) Find the probability that

(i) exactly 10 particles are found,

(ii) between 6 and 11 particles (inclusive) are found.

(4)

Petra takes 12 independent samples of mm millilitres of the solution. The probability that at least 2 of these samples contain no particles is 0.1184

(b) Using the Statistical Tables provided, find the value of mm

(6)

(Total for Question 5 is 10 marks)

题目中文翻译

溶液中每毫升的粒子数服从均值为 0.15 的泊松分布。

随机取 50 毫升的溶液样本。

(a) 求以下概率:

(i) 恰好有 10 个粒子,

(ii) 发现 6 到 11 个粒子(含端点)。

Petra 取了 12 个互相独立的 mm 毫升溶液样本。 其中至少 2 个样本不含粒子的概率为 0.1184。

(b) 使用给定的统计表,求 mm 的值。

(第 5 题共 10 分)

解答

(a)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

50 毫升样本中的粒子数仍服从泊松分布,其均值按体积扩大为 50×0.15=7.550\times0.15=7.5。使用统计表时,可用两个累积概率之差求恰好出现 10 个粒子的概率。

答题过程

展开

Let XX be the number of particles in the 50 ml sample. Then

XPo(50×0.15)=Po(7.5).X\sim\operatorname{Po}(50\times0.15)=\operatorname{Po}(7.5).

Using the Statistical Tables,

P(X=10)=P(X10)P(X9)=0.86220.7764=0.0858.\begin{align*} P(X=10)=&\,P(X\leqslant10)-P(X\leqslant9) \\ =&\,0.8622-0.7764 \\ =&\,\boxed{0.0858}. \end{align*}

(a)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

“6 到 11 个且包含端点”对应 6X116\leqslant X\leqslant11。统计表给出的是下侧累积概率,因此用 P(X11)P(X5)P(X\leqslant11)-P(X\leqslant5)

答题过程

展开 P(6X11)=P(X11)P(X5)=0.92080.2414=0.6794.\begin{align*} P(6\leqslant X\leqslant11) =&\,P(X\leqslant11)-P(X\leqslant5) \\ =&\,0.9208-0.2414 \\ =&\,\boxed{0.6794}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

先设一个 mm 毫升样本不含粒子的概率为 pp。12 个样本相互独立,所以不含粒子的样本数服从二项分布。由“至少 2 个”的概率求出 P(Y1)P(Y\leqslant1),再查二项分布表得到 pp。最后利用 mm 毫升样本中的粒子数服从均值为 0.15m0.15m 的泊松分布,把“零个粒子”的概率写成 e0.15me^{-0.15m}

答题过程

展开

Let pp be the probability that one mm ml sample contains no particles, and let YY be the number of the 12 samples that contain no particles. Then

YB(12,p).Y\sim\operatorname{B}(12,p).

Since P(Y2)=0.1184P(Y\geqslant2)=0.1184,

P(Y1)=10.1184=0.8816.\begin{align*} P(Y\leqslant1)=&\,1-0.1184 \\ =&\,0.8816. \end{align*}

From the Statistical Tables for YB(12,p)Y\sim\operatorname{B}(12,p),

p=0.05.p=0.05.

Let SS be the number of particles in one mm ml sample. Then

SPo(0.15m).S\sim\operatorname{Po}(0.15m).

Therefore,

P(S=0)=e0.15m=0.050.15m=ln(0.05)m=ln(0.05)0.15=19.9715\begin{align*} P(S=0)=e^{-0.15m}=&\,0.05 \\ -0.15m=&\,\ln(0.05) \\ m=&\,-\frac{\ln(0.05)}{0.15} \\ =&\,19.9715\ldots \end{align*}

Hence,

m=20.0(to 3 significant figures).\boxed{m=20.0}\quad\text{(to 3 significant figures)}.