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IAL 2022 June S2 Q7

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2022 June Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

A bag contains 10 counters each with exactly one number written on it.

There are 6 counters with the number 7 on them There are 3 counters with the number 8 on them There is 1 counter with the number 9 on it

A random sample of 3 counters is taken from the bag (without replacement). These counters are then put back in the bag. This process is then repeated until 20 samples have been taken. The random variable YY represents the number of these 20 samples that contain the counter with the number 9 on it.

(a) (i) Find the mean of YY

(ii) Find the variance of YY

(5)

A random sample of 3 counters is chosen from the bag (without replacement). (b) List all possible samples where the median of the numbers on the 3 counters is 7

(2)

(c) Find the sampling distribution of the median of the numbers on the 3 counters.

(5)

(Total for Question 7 is 12 marks)

题目中文翻译

一个袋子里有 10 个计数器,每个计数器上都写着一个数字。

其中有 6 个写着 7,3 个写着 8,1 个写着 9。

从袋子中抽取 3 个计数器(不放回)。 然后把这些计数器放回袋中。 这一过程重复进行,直到共抽取了 20 个样本。 随机变量 YY 表示这 20 个样本中含有写着 9 的计数器的样本个数。

(a) (i) 求 YY 的均值。

(ii) 求 YY 的方差。

从袋中再随机抽取 3 个计数器(不放回)。 (b) 列出所有 3 个计数器上的数字中位数为 7 的可能样本。 (c) 求这 3 个计数器的中位数的抽样分布。

(第 7 题共 12 分)

解答

(a)(i)

思路

先求一次抽样中含有数字 9 的计数器的概率。一次抽样不含 9,等价于从其余 9 个计数器中抽出 3 个,因此可用对立事件求概率。20 次抽样之间相互独立,所以 YY 服从二项分布,再用二项分布的均值公式求解。

答题过程

Let pp be the probability that a sample contains the counter numbered 9.

p=1910×89×78=310\begin{align*} p &= 1-\frac{9}{10}\times\frac{8}{9}\times\frac{7}{8} \\ &= \frac{3}{10} \end{align*}

Therefore,

YB(20,310)Y\sim\operatorname{B}\left(20,\frac{3}{10}\right)

and hence

E(Y)=np=20×310=6.\operatorname{E}(Y)=np=20\times\frac{3}{10}=\boxed{6}.

(a)(ii)

思路

使用二项分布的方差公式 Var(Y)=np(1p)\operatorname{Var}(Y)=np(1-p)

答题过程

Var(Y)=np(1p)=20×310×710=4.2.\begin{align*} \operatorname{Var}(Y) &=np(1-p) \\ &=20\times\frac{3}{10}\times\frac{7}{10} \\ &=\boxed{4.2}. \end{align*}

(b)

思路

把每个样本中的三个数字按从小到大排列。中位数为 7 时,前两个数字必须都是 7,而第三个数字可以是 7、8 或 9。

答题过程

The possible samples are

(7,7,7),(7,7,8),(7,7,9).\boxed{(7,7,7),\quad (7,7,8),\quad (7,7,9)}.

(c)

思路

样本中只有 7、8、9 三种数字,而 9 只有一个,所以中位数只能是 7 或 8。先把中位数为 7 的三类样本概率相加,再用概率和为 1 求中位数为 8 的概率。

答题过程

Let MM denote the median of the three numbers. The only possible values of MM are 7 and 8.

For M=7M=7, the possible samples are those listed in part (b). Therefore,

P(M=7)=610×59×48+3(610×59×38)+3(610×59×18)=23.\begin{align*} P(M=7) &=\frac{6}{10}\times\frac{5}{9}\times\frac{4}{8} +3\left(\frac{6}{10}\times\frac{5}{9}\times\frac{3}{8}\right) +3\left(\frac{6}{10}\times\frac{5}{9}\times\frac{1}{8}\right) \\ &=\frac{2}{3}. \end{align*}

Hence,

P(M=8)=1P(M=7)=123=13.P(M=8)=1-P(M=7)=1-\frac{2}{3}=\frac{1}{3}.

Thus the sampling distribution of MM is

m78P(M=m)2313\begin{array}{c|cc} m & 7 & 8 \\ \hline P(M=m) & \dfrac{2}{3} & \dfrac{1}{3} \end{array}

As a direct check,

P(M=8)=310×29×18+3(610×39×28)+3(310×29×18)+6(610×39×18)=13.\begin{align*} P(M=8) &=\frac{3}{10}\times\frac{2}{9}\times\frac{1}{8} +3\left(\frac{6}{10}\times\frac{3}{9}\times\frac{2}{8}\right) \\ &\quad+3\left(\frac{3}{10}\times\frac{2}{9}\times\frac{1}{8}\right) +6\left(\frac{6}{10}\times\frac{3}{9}\times\frac{1}{8}\right) \\ &=\frac{1}{3}. \end{align*}