题目
A company produces packets of sunflower seeds. Each packet contains 40 seeds. The company claims that, on average, only 35% of its sunflower seeds do not germinate. A packet is selected at random.
(a) Using a 5% level of significance, find an appropriate critical region for a two-tailed test that the proportion of sunflower seeds that do not germinate is 0.35 You should state your hypotheses clearly and state the probability, which should be as close as possible to 2.5%, for each tail of your critical region.
(b) Write down the actual significance level of this test.
Past records suggest that 2.8% of the company’s sunflower seeds grow to a height of more than 3 metres. A random sample of 250 of the company’s sunflower seeds is taken and 11 of them grow to a height of more than 3 metres.
(c) Using a suitable approximation, test at the 5% level of significance whether or not there is evidence that the proportion of sunflower seeds that grow to a height of more than 3 metres is now greater than 2.8% State your hypotheses clearly.
(Total for Question 3 is 10 marks)
题目中文翻译
一家公司生产葵花籽小包。每包含有 40 粒种子。公司声称,平均而言,只有 35% 的葵花籽不会发芽。 随机选取一包。
(a) 使用 5% 的显著性水平,求一个适当的双尾检验临界区域,以检验“葵花籽不发芽的比例等于 0.35”。 你应清楚陈述假设,并给出临界区域每一尾尽可能接近 2.5% 的概率。
(b) 写出此检验的实际显著性水平。
过去记录表明,该公司的葵花籽中有 2.8% 会长到超过 3 米的高度。 随机抽取 250 粒该公司的葵花籽,其中 11 粒长到超过 3 米。
(c) 使用适当的近似方法,在 5% 显著性水平下检验是否有证据表明,长到超过 3 米的葵花籽比例现在大于 2.8%。 清楚陈述你的假设。
(第 3 题共 10 分)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
令 为葵花籽不发芽的比例,并令 为一包中不发芽的种子数。在原假设下,。这是双尾检验,所以分别在分布两端寻找概率最接近 的整数边界,并写出两个临界区域。
答题过程
展开
Let be the proportion of sunflower seeds that do not germinate. The hypotheses are
Under , if is the number of seeds in the packet that do not germinate, then
For the lower tail,
This is closer to than .
For the upper tail,
This is closer to than .
Hence an appropriate critical region is
with lower-tail probability and upper-tail probability .
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
实际显著性水平就是在原假设成立时,随机变量落入两个临界区域的总概率,因此把 (a) 中两个尾部概率相加。
答题过程
展开
The actual significance level is
(c)
解法一
思路
展开
令 为现在能长到 3 米以上的种子比例。由于样本量大而 很小,二项分布可用参数 的 Poisson 分布近似。这是右尾检验,计算观察到 11 粒或更多的概率,并与 比较。
答题过程
展开
Let be the current proportion of sunflower seeds that grow to a height of more than 3 metres. The hypotheses are
Let be the number of such seeds in the sample. Under ,
Since is large and is small, using a Poisson approximation gives
The approximate -value is
Since , there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the proportion of sunflower seeds that grow to a height of more than 3 metres is now greater than .
解法二
思路
展开
也可以先用同一个 Poisson 近似找出 5% 右尾检验的临界区域。比较相邻的两个右尾概率可知,临界区域应为 ;观察值 11 不在其中,所以结论相同。
答题过程
展开
Using the same hypotheses and the approximation
the relevant upper-tail probabilities are
and
Therefore, the critical region is
The observed value is , which does not lie in the critical region. Therefore, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the proportion of sunflower seeds that grow to a height of more than 3 metres is now greater than .