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IAL 2022 Oct S2 Q6

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2022 Oct Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

A bag contains a large number of counters with one of the numbers 5, 10 or 20 written on each of them in the ratio 5 : 2 : a A jar contains a large number of counters with one of the numbers 5 or 10 written on each of them in the ratio 1 : 3 One counter is selected at random from the bag and then two counters are selected at random from the jar. The random variable RR represents the range of the numbers on the 3 counters.

Given that P(R=15)=63256P(R = 15) = \dfrac{63}{256}

(a) by forming and solving an equation in aa, show that a=9a = 9

(3)

(b) find the sampling distribution of RR

(6)

(Total for Question 6 is 9 marks)

题目中文翻译

一个袋子里有大量计数器,每个计数器上写着 5、10 或 20 之一,其比例为 5 : 2 : a。 一个罐子里有大量计数器,每个计数器上写着 5 或 10 之一,其比例为 1 : 3。 从袋子中随机取 1 个计数器,然后从罐子中随机取 2 个计数器。 随机变量 RR 表示这 3 个计数器上的数的极差。

已知 P(R=15)=63256P(R = 15) = \dfrac{63}{256}

(a) 通过建立并求解关于 aa 的方程,证明 a=9a = 9

(b) 求 RR 的抽样分布。

(第 6 题共 9 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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极差为 15 时,三个数中必须同时出现 5 和 20。由于罐中没有 20,所以袋中抽出的数必须是 20;此时,只要罐中抽出的两个数不全是 10,便至少会出现一个 5。用补事件计算罐中「至少一个 5」的概率,再与袋中抽到 20 的概率相乘,即可建立关于 aa 的方程。

答题过程

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For R=15R=15, the counter selected from the bag must be numbered 20, and at least one of the two counters selected from the jar must be numbered 5.

Therefore,

aa+7[1(34)2]=63256.\frac{a}{a+7}\left[1-\left(\frac34\right)^2\right] =\frac{63}{256}.

Hence,

aa+7716=63256aa+7=91616a=9a+637a=63a=9.\begin{align*} \frac{a}{a+7}\cdot\frac7{16}=&\,\frac{63}{256} \\[4mm] \frac{a}{a+7}=&\,\frac9{16} \\[4mm] 16a=&\,9a+63 \\[4mm] 7a=&\,63 \\[4mm] a=&\,9. \end{align*}

Thus, as required, a=9a=9.

解法二

思路

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也可以直接枚举罐中出现 5 的情况:两个数依次为 (5,10)(5,10)(10,5)(10,5)(5,5)(5,5)。把这三个互斥事件的概率相加,再乘以袋中抽到 20 的概率,得到同一个方程。

答题过程

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For R=15R=15, the jar outcomes are (5,10)(5,10), (10,5)(10,5) or (5,5)(5,5), while the counter from the bag is numbered 20. Thus,

aa+7(21434+1414)=63256.\frac{a}{a+7}\left( 2\cdot\frac14\cdot\frac34 +\frac14\cdot\frac14 \right)=\frac{63}{256}.

Therefore,

aa+7716=63256aa+7=91616a=9a+63,\begin{align*} \frac{a}{a+7}\cdot\frac7{16}=&\,\frac{63}{256} \\[4mm] \frac{a}{a+7}=&\,\frac9{16} \\[4mm] 16a=&\,9a+63, \end{align*}

so a=9a=9, as required.

(b)

解法一

思路

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由 (a) 得袋中三个数的概率分别为 5/165/162/162/169/169/16,而罐中抽到 5 和 10 的概率分别为 1/41/43/43/4。三个数的极差只可能是 0,5,10,150,5,10,15:分别按「三个数相同」、「只有 5 和 10」、「20 与两个 10」、「20 且至少出现一个 5」计算概率,最后检查概率之和为 1。

答题过程

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Using a=9a=9, the probabilities for the counter selected from the bag are

P(B=5)=516,P(B=10)=216,P(B=20)=916.P(B=5)=\frac5{16},\qquad P(B=10)=\frac2{16},\qquad P(B=20)=\frac9{16}.

For each counter selected from the jar,

P(J=5)=14,P(J=10)=34.P(J=5)=\frac14,\qquad P(J=10)=\frac34.

The possible values of RR are 0,5,100,5,10 and 1515.

For R=0R=0, all three counters must have the same number. Hence,

P(R=0)=516(14)2+216(34)2=23256.\begin{align*} P(R=0)=&\, \frac5{16}\left(\frac14\right)^2 +\frac2{16}\left(\frac34\right)^2 \\[4mm] =&\,\frac{23}{256}. \end{align*}

For R=5R=5, only 5 and 10 may occur, and both values must occur. Therefore,

P(R=5)=516[1(14)2]+216[1(34)2]=75256+14256=89256.\begin{align*} P(R=5)=&\, \frac5{16}\left[1-\left(\frac14\right)^2\right] \\[4mm] &\,+\frac2{16}\left[1-\left(\frac34\right)^2\right] \\[4mm] =&\,\frac{75}{256}+\frac{14}{256} \\[4mm] =&\,\frac{89}{256}. \end{align*}

For R=10R=10, the bag counter must be 20 and both jar counters must be 10:

P(R=10)=916(34)2=81256.P(R=10)=\frac9{16}\left(\frac34\right)^2 =\frac{81}{256}.

For R=15R=15, the bag counter must be 20 and at least one jar counter must be 5:

P(R=15)=916[1(34)2]=63256.P(R=15)=\frac9{16} \left[1-\left(\frac34\right)^2\right] =\frac{63}{256}.

Also,

23+89+81+63256=1,\frac{23+89+81+63}{256}=1,

so the sampling distribution is

rr005510101515
P(R=r)P(R=r)23256\dfrac{23}{256}89256\dfrac{89}{256}81256\dfrac{81}{256}63256\dfrac{63}{256}