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IAL 2022 Oct S2 Q7

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2022 Oct Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

(i) The continuous random variable XX is uniformly distributed over the interval [a,b][a, b]

Given that P(5<X<13)=15P(5 < X < 13) = \dfrac{1}{5} and E(X)=9E(X) = 9, find P(3X>a+b)P(3X > a + b)

(3)

(ii) The continuous random variable YY is uniformly distributed over the interval [1,c][1, c]

Given that Var(Y)=0.48\operatorname{Var}(Y) = 0.48, find the exact value of E(Y2)E(Y^2)

(4)

(iii) A wire of length 20 cm is cut into 2 pieces at a random point. The longest piece of wire is then cut into 2 pieces, equal in length, giving 3 pieces of wire altogether.

Find the probability that the length of the shortest piece of wire is less than 6 cm.

(5)

(Total for Question 7 is 12 marks)

题目中文翻译

(i) 连续随机变量 XX 在区间 [a,b][a, b] 上均匀分布。

已知 P(5<X<13)=15P(5 < X < 13) = \dfrac{1}{5}E(X)=9E(X) = 9,求 P(3X>a+b)P(3X > a + b)

(ii) 连续随机变量 YY 在区间 [1,c][1, c] 上均匀分布。

已知 Var(Y)=0.48\operatorname{Var}(Y) = 0.48,求 E(Y2)E(Y^2) 的精确值。

(iii) 一根长度为 20 cm 的铁丝在随机位置被剪成 2 段。 较长的一段随后再被剪成 2 段,且两段等长,于是总共有 3 段铁丝。

求最短一段长度小于 6 cm 的概率。

(第 7 题共 12 分)

解答

(i)

解法一

思路

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均匀分布中,区间概率等于区间长度之比。由 P(5<X<13)=15P(5<X<13)=\frac15 可求总区间长度 bab-a;由 E(X)=9E(X)=9 可得中点条件 a+b2=9\frac{a+b}{2}=9。求出端点后,再把 3X>a+b3X>a+b 化成关于 XX 的不等式。

答题过程

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Since XU(a,b)X\sim\operatorname{U}(a,b),

135ba=15,\frac{13-5}{b-a}=\frac15,

so

ba=40.b-a=40.

Also,

a+b2=E(X)=9,\frac{a+b}{2}=E(X)=9,

so a+b=18a+b=18. Solving the simultaneous equations gives

a=11,b=29.a=-11,\qquad b=29.

Therefore,

P(3X>a+b)=P(3X>18)=P(X>6)=29629(11)=2340.\begin{align*} P(3X>a+b)=&\,P(3X>18)\\[2mm] =&\,P(X>6)\\[2mm] =&\,\frac{29-6}{29-(-11)}\\[2mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac{23}{40}}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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其实不必分别求 a,ba,b。由期望直接得到 a+b=18a+b=18,由给定概率直接得到区间长度 ba=40b-a=40;进而可计算上端点 b=29b=29,足以求出 P(X>6)P(X>6)

答题过程

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The given probability gives

ba=5(135)=40,b-a=5(13-5)=40,

while E(X)=9E(X)=9 gives a+b=18a+b=18. Hence,

b=(ba)+(a+b)2=40+182=29.\begin{align*} b=&\,\frac{(b-a)+(a+b)}{2}\\[2mm] =&\,\frac{40+18}{2}\\[2mm] =&\,29. \end{align*}

Since 3X>a+b3X>a+b is equivalent to X>6X>6,

P(3X>a+b)=29640=2340.\begin{align*} P(3X>a+b)=&\,\frac{29-6}{40}\\[2mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac{23}{40}}. \end{align*}

(ii)

解法一

思路

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先用均匀分布方差公式求出右端点 cc。因为 c>1c>1,解平方方程时取正根。随后利用 E(Y2)=Var(Y)+[E(Y)]2E(Y^2)=\operatorname{Var}(Y)+[E(Y)]^2,并保持分数形式以得到精确值。

答题过程

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For YU(1,c)Y\sim\operatorname{U}(1,c),

Var(Y)=(c1)212=0.48=1225.\begin{align*} \operatorname{Var}(Y)=&\,\frac{(c-1)^2}{12}\\[2mm] =&\,0.48=\frac{12}{25}. \end{align*}

Hence,

(c1)2=14425.(c-1)^2=\frac{144}{25}.

Since c>1c>1,

c1=125.c-1=\frac{12}{5}.

Therefore,

c=175.c=\frac{17}{5}.

Therefore,

E(Y)=1+c2=1+1752=115.\begin{align*} E(Y)=&\,\frac{1+c}{2}\\[2mm] =&\,\frac{1+\frac{17}{5}}{2}\\[2mm] =&\,\frac{11}{5}. \end{align*}

Using Var(Y)=E(Y2)[E(Y)]2\operatorname{Var}(Y)=E(Y^2)-[E(Y)]^2,

E(Y2)=Var(Y)+[E(Y)]2=1225+(115)2=13325.\begin{align*} E(Y^2)=&\,\operatorname{Var}(Y)+[E(Y)]^2\\[2mm] =&\,\frac{12}{25}+\left(\frac{11}{5}\right)^2\\[2mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac{133}{25}}. \end{align*}

(iii)

解法一

思路

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设第一次切点距铁丝一端为 WW,则 WU(0,20)W\sim\operatorname{U}(0,20)。分别考虑 W10W\leqslant10W10W\geqslant10:较长的一段会被平分,再判断原来的短段或平分后的两段何时小于 66。合并后得到三个互不重叠的切点区间。

答题过程

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Let WW be the distance of the first cut from one end of the wire. Then

WU(0,20).W\sim\operatorname{U}(0,20).

If 0W100\leqslant W\leqslant10, the three lengths are

W,20W2,20W2.W,\qquad \frac{20-W}{2},\qquad \frac{20-W}{2}.

The shortest piece is less than 66 when

W<6W<6

or

20W2<6,which givesW>8.\frac{20-W}{2}<6, \quad\text{which gives}\quad W>8.

Within this half of the range, the required regions are therefore W<6W<6 and 8<W108<W\leqslant10.

By symmetry, for 10W2010\leqslant W\leqslant20, the required regions are 10W<1210\leqslant W<12 and W>14W>14. Hence the complete event is

W<6,8<W<12,W>14.W<6,\qquad 8<W<12,\qquad W>14.

Therefore,

P(shortest piece<6)=6+4+620=45.\begin{align*} P(\text{shortest piece}<6) =&\,\frac{6+4+6}{20}\\[2mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac45}. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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改算补事件会更短。三段都至少为 66 时,第一次切出的短段要至少为 66,而较长段的一半也要至少为 66。这只在切点位于 (6,8)(6,8)(12,14)(12,14) 时成立。

答题过程

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All three pieces have length at least 66 only when

6<W<86<W<8

or

12<W<14.12<W<14.

Thus,

P(shortest piece6)=(86)+(1412)20=15.\begin{align*} P(\text{shortest piece}\geqslant6) =&\,\frac{(8-6)+(14-12)}{20}\\[2mm] =&\,\frac15. \end{align*}

Therefore,

P(shortest piece<6)=115=45.P(\text{shortest piece}<6) =1-\frac15 =\boxed{\frac45}.

解法三

思路

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也可以直接设第一次切割后较长一段的长度为 LL。由对称性,LL[10,20][10,20] 上均匀分布。最终三段长度为 20L,L2,L220-L,\frac L2,\frac L2;最短段小于 66 等价于 20L<620-L<6L2<6\frac L2<6

答题过程

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Let LL be the length of the longer piece after the first cut. Then

LU(10,20).L\sim\operatorname{U}(10,20).

The final three lengths are

20L,L2,L2.20-L,\qquad \frac L2,\qquad \frac L2.

The shortest piece is less than 66 if

20L<6,soL>14,20-L<6, \quad\text{so}\quad L>14,

or if

L2<6,soL<12.\frac L2<6, \quad\text{so}\quad L<12.

These two regions are disjoint. Hence,

P(shortest piece<6)=P(L<12)+P(L>14)=121010+201410=45.\begin{align*} P(\text{shortest piece}<6) =&\,P(L<12)+P(L>14)\\[2mm] =&\,\frac{12-10}{10}+\frac{20-14}{10}\\[2mm] =&\,\boxed{\frac45}. \end{align*}