题目
A shop sells shoes at a mean rate of 4 pairs of shoes per hour on a weekday.
(a) Suggest a suitable distribution for modelling the number of sales of pairs of shoes made per hour on a weekday.
(b) State one assumption necessary for this distribution to be a suitable model of this situation.
(c) Find the probability that on a weekday the shop sells
(i) more than 4 pairs of shoes in a one-hour period,
(ii) more than 4 pairs of shoes in each of 3 consecutive one-hour periods.
The area manager visits the shop on a weekday, the day after an advert for the shop appears in a local paper.
In a one-hour period during the manager’s visit, the shop sells 7 pairs of shoes. This leads the manager to believe that the advert has increased the shop’s sales of pairs of shoes.
(d) Stating your hypotheses clearly, test at the 5% level of significance whether or not there is evidence of an increase in sales of pairs of shoes following the appearance of the advert.
题目中文翻译
某鞋店在工作日的平均销售速率为每小时 4 双鞋。
(a) 建议一个适合建模工作日每小时售出鞋双数的分布。
(b) 写出该分布作为这个情境的合适模型所必需的一个假设。
(c) 求下列概率:
(i) 在一个小时内售出超过 4 双鞋;
(ii) 在连续 3 个一小时区间内,每个区间都售出超过 4 双鞋。
区域经理在某个工作日到店拜访,恰好是在一则广告刊登在当地报纸后的第二天。
在经理来访期间的一小时内,店里卖出了 7 双鞋。 这使经理相信该广告提高了鞋店的销售量。
(d) 清楚写出假设,在 5% 显著性水平下检验:在广告刊登后,是否有证据表明鞋双销量增加。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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每小时售出的鞋双数是固定时间区间内的事件次数,且题目给出平均发生率,因此适合用泊松分布建模。
答题过程
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A suitable model is
where is the number of pairs of shoes sold in one hour.
(b)
解法一
思路
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泊松模型要求事件以恒定平均速率独立发生。结合本题语境,可陈述为各双鞋的售出相互独立。
答题过程
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The sales of pairs of shoes occur independently of one another.
(c)(i)
解法一
思路
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沿用 (a) 的泊松模型。“超过 4 双”是 ,使用补事件把它化为 1 减去累积概率 。
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For ,
(c)(ii)
解法一
思路
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三个连续一小时区间内都要售出超过 4 双。由泊松过程在互不重叠区间内的事件次数相互独立,所求概率是 (c)(i) 未取整概率的三次方。
答题过程
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The numbers of sales in the three one-hour periods are independent. Therefore,
(d)
解法一
思路
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经理认为广告使平均销量增加,所以进行右尾检验。原假设下每小时销量仍服从均值为 4 的泊松分布;计算观察到 7 双或更多的概率,并与 5% 显著性水平比较。
答题过程
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Let be the mean number of pairs of shoes sold per hour after the advert.
Under , . The p-value is
Since , we do not reject . There is insufficient evidence at the 5% significance level of an increase in sales of pairs of shoes following the appearance of the advert.
解法二
思路
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官方评分资料也接受临界域法。寻找最小整数 ,使右尾概率 不超过 0.05,再判断观测值 7 是否落入临界域。
答题过程
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Using the same hypotheses and ,
Hence the critical region is . Since the observed value is not in the critical region, we do not reject . There is insufficient evidence at the 5% significance level of an increase in sales of pairs of shoes following the appearance of the advert.