题目
Superbounce is a manufacturer of tennis balls. It knows from past records that 10% of its tennis balls fail a bounce test.
(a) Find the probability that from a random sample of 10 of these tennis balls
(i) at least 4 fail the bounce test
(ii) more than 1 but fewer than 5 fail the bounce test.
The managing director makes changes to the production process and claims that these changes will reduce the probability of its tennis balls failing the bounce test.
After the changes were made a random sample of 50 of the tennis balls were tested and it was found that 2 failed the bounce test.
(b) Test, at the 5% significance level, whether or not this result supports the managing director’s claim.
In a second random sample of n tennis balls it was found that none failed the bounce test. As a result of this sample, the managing director’s claim is supported at the 1% significance level.
(c) Find the smallest possible value of n
题目中文翻译
Superbounce 是一家网球制造商。 根据以往记录,它生产的网球有 10% 无法通过弹跳测试。
(a) 求从 10 个这样的网球组成的随机样本中:
(i) 至少 4 个未通过弹跳测试的概率;
(ii) 失败数多于 1 但少于 5 的概率。
(b) 在 5% 显著性水平下检验:这一结果是否支持总经理关于改进生产流程后会降低网球未通过弹跳测试概率的说法。
(c) 在第二个包含 个网球的随机样本中,没有一个未通过弹跳测试。根据这一样本,总经理的说法在 1% 显著性水平下得到支持。求 的最小可能值。
解答
(a)(i)
解法一
思路
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令 为 10 个网球中未通过测试的个数,则 服从二项分布。用补事件把“至少 4 个”改写成 1 减去“至多 3 个”,可直接使用累积二项概率。
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Let be the number of tennis balls that fail the test. Then
Therefore,
(a)(ii)
解法一
思路
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“多于 1 但少于 5”就是 。用两个累积概率相减,可以一次取得这段区间的概率。
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解法二
思路
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也可以把 三个互斥事件的概率直接相加。这条路线与官方评分资料列出的替代方法一致。
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(b)
解法一
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总经理声称失败概率下降,因此进行左尾检验。先在原假设 下计算观察到 2 个或更少失败的概率;若该 p 值小于 0.05,才拒绝原假设。
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Let be the probability that a tennis ball fails the bounce test.
Under ,
The p-value is
Since , we do not reject . There is insufficient evidence at the 5% significance level to support the managing director’s claim that the probability of a tennis ball failing the bounce test has decreased.
解法二
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也可以先确定 5% 左尾检验的临界域。寻找最大的整数 ,使 ;再判断观测值 2 是否落入临界域。
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With the same hypotheses and ,
whereas
Hence the critical region is . Since the observed value is not in the critical region, we do not reject . There is insufficient evidence at the 5% significance level to support the managing director’s claim that the probability of a tennis ball failing the bounce test has decreased.
(c)
解法一
思路
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在原假设下,每个网球通过测试的概率为 0.9,因此 个全部通过的概率是 。观察到零个失败要在 1% 水平下显著,就必须使这个左尾概率小于 0.01;解指数不等式后取最小整数,并检查相邻整数的边界。
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Under , let . For zero failures to be significant at the 1% level,
Also,
Therefore, the smallest possible value is