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S2 2023 Jan Q5

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2023 Jan Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

A company produces steel cable.

Defects in the steel cable produced by this company occur at random, at a constant rate of 1 defect per 16 metres.

On one day the company produces a piece of steel cable 80 metres long.

(a) Find the probability that there are at most 5 defects in this piece of steel cable.

(2)

The company produces a piece of steel cable 80 metres long on each of the next 4 days.

(b) Find the probability that fewer than 2 of these 4 pieces of steel cable contain at most 5 defects.

(4)

The following week the company produces a piece of steel cable xx metres long.

Using a normal approximation, the probability that this piece of steel cable has fewer than 26 defects is 0.5398

(c) Find the value of xx

(8)
题目中文翻译

一家公司生产钢缆。

该公司生产的钢缆会随机出现缺陷,缺陷以每 16 米平均 1 个的恒定速率出现。

某天,该公司生产了一段 80 米长的钢缆。

(a) 求这段钢缆中缺陷数不超过 5 的概率。

(2)

在接下来的 4 天中,该公司每天都生产一段 80 米长的钢缆。

(b) 求这 4 段钢缆中少于 2 段含有不超过 5 个缺陷的概率。

(4)

下一周,该公司生产了一段 xx 米长的钢缆。

使用正态近似时,这段钢缆少于 26 个缺陷的概率为 0.5398。

(c) 求 xx 的值。

(8)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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缺陷随机且以恒定速率出现,因此使用泊松分布。80 米钢缆的期望缺陷数为 80/16=580/16=5,“不超过 5 个”对应累积概率 P(D⩽5)P(D\leqslant5)。

答题过程

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Let DD be the number of defects in an 80-metre piece of cable. Then

D∼Po⁡(8016)=Po⁡(5).D\sim\operatorname{Po}\bigg(\frac{80}{16}\bigg) =\operatorname{Po}(5).

Therefore,

P(D⩽5) =0.615960… ≈0.616.\begin{align*} P(D\leqslant5)&\,=0.615960\ldots \\ &\,\approx\boxed{0.616}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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由 (a),每段 80 米钢缆“缺陷数不超过 5”的概率约为 0.6160.616。把这件事视为成功,4 天中满足条件的钢缆段数服从二项分布;“少于 2 段”即 0 段或 1 段。

答题过程

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Let YY be the number of the four pieces that contain at most 5 defects. Using the result from part (a),

Y∼B(4,0.616).Y\sim B(4,0.616).

Hence,

 P(Y<2) =P(Y=0)+P(Y=1) =(0.384)4 +4(0.616)(0.384)3 =0.161262600192 ≈0.161.\begin{align*} &\,P(Y<2)\\ &\,=P(Y=0)+P(Y=1) \\ &\,=(0.384)^4 \\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+4(0.616)(0.384)^3 \\ &\,=0.161262600192 \\ &\,\approx\boxed{0.161}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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xx 米钢缆的缺陷数原本服从均值为 x/16x/16 的泊松分布,正态近似的均值与方差也都是 x/16x/16。“少于 26 个”是缺陷数不超过 25,因此使用连续性修正 25.5。由给定概率反查标准正态分位数约为 0.10.1,再令 t=xt=\sqrt{x} 解方程,并舍去负根。

答题过程

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Let NN be the number of defects in xx metres of cable. Using a normal approximation,

N≈N⁡(x16,x16).N\approx\operatorname{N}\bigg(\frac{x}{16},\frac{x}{16}\bigg).

Since

P(N<26)=P(N⩽25),P(N<26)=P(N\leqslant25),

applying a continuity correction and using Z∼N⁡(0,1)Z\sim\operatorname{N}(0,1) gives

 P(Z<25.5−x/16x/16) =0.5398.\begin{aligned} &\,P\Big( Z<\frac{25.5-x/16}{\sqrt{x/16}} \Big)\\ &\,=0.5398. \end{aligned}

From the standard normal distribution,

Φ(0.1)=0.5398\Phi(0.1)=0.5398

to 4 decimal places. Therefore,

25.5−x/16x/4=0.1.\frac{25.5-x/16}{\sqrt{x}/4}=0.1.

Let t=xt=\sqrt{x}, where t⩾0t\geqslant0. Then

25.5−t216 =t405t2+2t−2040 =0(t−20)(5t+102) =0.\begin{align*} 25.5-\frac{t^2}{16}&\,=\frac{t}{40} \\ 5t^2+2t-2040&\,=0 \\ (t-20)(5t+102)&\,=0. \end{align*}

Thus t=20t=20 or t=−20.4t=-20.4. Since t=x⩾0t=\sqrt{x}\geqslant0, t=20t=20, so

x=202=400.\boxed{x=20^2=400}.

解法二

思路

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也可以在得到正态近似方程后先平方,直接解关于 xx 的二次方程。平方可能引入增根,所以最后要回到未平方的方程,检查左边分子的正负。

答题过程

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Using the same normal approximation and continuity correction as above,

25.5−x/16x/4=0.1.\frac{25.5-x/16}{\sqrt{x}/4}=0.1.

Since x>0x>0, multiplying by x/4\sqrt{x}/4 gives

25.5−x16=x40.25.5-\frac{x}{16}=\frac{\sqrt{x}}{40}.

Squaring both sides,

 (25.5−x16)2 =x1600, 25(x−408)2=4x, 25x2−20400x +4161600=4x, 25x2−20404x +4161600=0, (x−400)(25x−10404) =0.\begin{align*} &\,\Big(25.5-\frac{x}{16}\Big)^2\\ &\,=\frac{x}{1600},\\ &\,25(x-408)^2=4x,\\ &\,25x^2-20400x\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+4161600=4x,\\ &\,25x^2-20404x\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+4161600=0,\\ &\,(x-400)(25x-10404)\\ &\,=0. \end{align*}

The candidates are

x=400x=400

or

x=1040425=416.16.x=\frac{10404}{25}=416.16.

In the unsquared equation, x/40>0\sqrt{x}/40>0, so

 25.5−x16>0, x<408.\begin{aligned} &\,25.5-\frac{x}{16}>0,\\ &\,x<408. \end{aligned}

Thus 416.16416.16 is rejected. For x=400x=400,

 25.5−40016=12, 40040=12.\begin{aligned} &\,25.5-\frac{400}{16}=\frac12,\\ &\,\frac{\sqrt{400}}{40}=\frac12. \end{aligned}

Therefore,

x=400.\boxed{x=400}.