题目
Problem
A company produces steel cable.
Defects in the steel cable produced by this company occur at random, at a constant rate of 1 defect per 16 metres.
On one day the company produces a piece of steel cable 80 metres long.
(a) Find the probability that there are at most 5 defects in this piece of steel cable.
(2)
The company produces a piece of steel cable 80 metres long on each of the next 4 days.
(b) Find the probability that fewer than 2 of these 4 pieces of steel cable contain at most 5 defects.
(4)
The following week the company produces a piece of steel cable x metres long.
Using a normal approximation, the probability that this piece of steel cable has fewer than 26 defects is 0.5398
(c) Find the value of x
(8)
题目中文翻译
一家公司生产钢缆。
该公司生产的钢缆会随机出现缺陷,缺陷以每 16 米平均 1 个的恒定速率出现。
某天,该公司生产了一段 80 米长的钢缆。
(a) 求这段钢缆中缺陷数不超过 5 的概率。
(2)
在接下来的 4 天中,该公司每天都生产一段 80 米长的钢缆。
(b) 求这 4 段钢缆中少于 2 段含有不超过 5 个缺陷的概率。
(4)
下一周,该公司生产了一段 x 米长的钢缆。
使用正态近似时,这段钢缆少于 26 个缺陷的概率为 0.5398。
(c) 求 x 的值。
(8)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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缺陷随机且以恒定速率出现,因此使用泊松分布。80 米钢缆的期望缺陷数为 80/16=5,“不超过 5 个”对应累积概率 P(D⩽5)。
答题过程
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Let D be the number of defects in an 80-metre piece of cable. Then
D∼Po(1680)=Po(5).
Therefore,
P(D⩽5)=0.615960…≈0.616.
(b)
解法一
思路
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由 (a),每段 80 米钢缆“缺陷数不超过 5”的概率约为 0.616。把这件事视为成功,4 天中满足条件的钢缆段数服从二项分布;“少于 2 段”即 0 段或 1 段。
答题过程
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Let Y be the number of the four pieces that contain at most 5 defects. Using the result from part (a),
Y∼B(4,0.616).
Hence,
P(Y<2)=P(Y=0)+P(Y=1)=(0.384)4+4(0.616)(0.384)3=0.161262600192≈0.161.
(c)
解法一
思路
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x 米钢缆的缺陷数原本服从均值为 x/16 的泊松分布,正态近似的均值与方差也都是 x/16。“少于 26 个”是缺陷数不超过 25,因此使用连续性修正 25.5。由给定概率反查标准正态分位数约为 0.1,再令 t=x 解方程,并舍去负根。
答题过程
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Let N be the number of defects in x metres of cable. Using a normal approximation,
N≈N(16x,16x).
Since
P(N<26)=P(N⩽25),
applying a continuity correction and using Z∼N(0,1) gives
P(Z<x/1625.5−x/16)=0.5398.
From the standard normal distribution,
Φ(0.1)=0.5398
to 4 decimal places. Therefore,
x/425.5−x/16=0.1.
Let t=x, where t⩾0. Then
25.5−16t25t2+2t−2040(t−20)(5t+102)=40t=0=0.
Thus t=20 or t=−20.4. Since t=x⩾0, t=20, so
x=202=400.
解法二
思路
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也可以在得到正态近似方程后先平方,直接解关于 x 的二次方程。平方可能引入增根,所以最后要回到未平方的方程,检查左边分子的正负。
答题过程
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Using the same normal approximation and continuity correction as above,
x/425.5−x/16=0.1.
Since x>0, multiplying by x/4 gives
25.5−16x=40x.
Squaring both sides,
(25.5−16x)2=1600x,25(x−408)2=4x,25x2−20400x+4161600=4x,25x2−20404x+4161600=0,(x−400)(25x−10404)=0.
The candidates are
x=400
or
x=2510404=416.16.
In the unsquared equation, x/40>0, so
25.5−16x>0,x<408.
Thus 416.16 is rejected. For x=400,
25.5−16400=21,40400=21.
Therefore,
x=400.