题目
A manufacturer produces candles. Those candles that pass a quality inspection are suitable for sale.
It is known that 2% of the candles produced by the manufacturer are not suitable for sale.
A random sample of 125 candles produced by the manufacturer is taken.
(a) Given is large, state a condition for which the binomial distribution can be reasonably approximated by a Poisson distribution.
(b) Use a suitable approximation to find the probability that no more than 6 of the candles are not suitable for sale.
The manufacturer also produces candle holders.
Charlie believes that 5% of candle holders produced by the factory have minor defects. The manufacturer claims that the true proportion is less than 5% To test the manufacturer’s claim, a random sample of 30 candle holders is taken and none of them are found to contain minor defects.
(c) (i) Carry out a test of the manufacturer’s claim using a 5% level of significance. You should state your hypotheses clearly.
(ii) Give a reason why this is not an appropriate test.
Ashley suggests changing the sample size to 50
(d) Comment on whether or not this change would make the test appropriate. Give a reason for your answer.
(Total for Question 4 is 13 marks)
题目中文翻译
一家制造商生产蜡烛。通过质量检验的蜡烛可供出售。
已知该制造商生产的蜡烛中有 2% 不适合出售。
随机抽取了 125 支该制造商生产的蜡烛。
(a) 已知 很大,说明在什么条件下二项分布 可以合理地用泊松分布近似。
(b) 使用适当的近似方法,求这些蜡烛中不超过 6 支不适合出售的概率。
该制造商还生产烛台。
Charlie 认为工厂生产的烛台中有 5% 存在轻微缺陷。 制造商声称真实比例小于 5%。 为检验制造商的说法,随机抽取 30 个烛台,其中没有一个被发现有轻微缺陷。
(c) (i) 使用 5% 显著性水平,对制造商的说法进行检验。 你应清楚陈述你的假设。
(ii) 说明为什么这不是一个合适的检验。
Ashley 建议将样本量改为 50。
(d) 评论这一改变是否会使该检验变得合适。 给出理由。
(第 4 题共 13 分)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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当试验次数 很大而成功概率 很小时,二项分布中的成功事件属于稀有事件,此时可以使用参数为 的泊松分布作近似。题目只要求给出关于 的条件。
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The probability must be small, for example
(b)
解法一
思路
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设不适合出售的蜡烛数为 ,则 。由于 较大且 很小,可以用均值为 的泊松分布近似,再求不超过 6 支的累积概率。
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Let be the number of candles that are not suitable for sale. Then
Since is large and is small,
Therefore,
(c)(i)
解法一
思路
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制造商声称缺陷率低于 ,因此作左尾检验。以 为原假设中的比例,计算在 下观察到 0 个缺陷品的概率。这个概率就是左尾 值,再与显著性水平 比较。
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Let be the true proportion of candle holders with minor defects.
Under , if is the number with minor defects in the sample, then
The observed value is , so
Since , there is insufficient evidence to reject .
There is insufficient evidence at the significance level to support the manufacturer’s claim that the true proportion of candle holders with minor defects is less than .
(c)(ii)
解法一
思路
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这是左尾检验,而样本中的缺陷品数量不可能低于 0。即使取得最极端的结果 ,其概率仍大于 ,所以不存在能使原假设在 水平下被拒绝的临界域。
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The most extreme possible result in the lower tail is , but
Therefore the critical region is empty, so can never be rejected at the significance level. Hence this is not an appropriate test.
(d)
解法一
思路
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样本量改成 50 后,仍检查左尾最极端结果 0 个缺陷品的概率。如果这个概率依然高于 ,临界域仍为空,检验仍不合适。
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For a sample of size 50, the probability of the most extreme possible lower-tail result is
Therefore the critical region would still be empty and could not be rejected. Increasing the sample size to 50 would not make the test appropriate.