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IAL 2023 Oct S2 Q1

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2023 Oct Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

Sam is a telephone sales representative. For each call to a customer

• Sam either makes a sale or does not make a sale

• sales are made independently

Past records show that, for each call to a customer, the probability that Sam makes a sale is 0.2

(a) Find the probability that Sam makes

(i) exactly 2 sales in 14 calls,

(ii) more than 3 sales in 25 calls.

(4)

Sam makes n calls each day.

(b) Find the minimum value of n

(i) so that the expected number of sales each day is at least 6

(2)

(ii) so that the probability of at least 1 sale in a randomly selected day exceeds 0.95

(4)

(Total for Question 1 is 10 marks)

题目中文翻译

山姆是一名电话销售代表。对于给客户的每次通话

• 山姆要么成交要么未成交

• 销售是独立进行的

过去的记录显示,对于给客户的每次通话,山姆成交的概率为 0.2

(a) 求山姆在以下情况成交的概率

(i) 在 14 次通话中恰好成交 2 次,

(ii) 在 25 次通话中成交超过3 次。

山姆每天打 n 次电话。

(b) 求最小的 n 值

(i) 使得每天的预期成交数至少为6

(ii) 使得随机选择的一天中至少成交 1 次的概率超过 0.95

(第 1 题共 10 分)

解答

(a)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

每次通话是否成交相互独立,而且每次成交概率固定为 0.20.2,所以 14 次通话中的成交次数服从二项分布。要求恰好成交 2 次,直接使用二项分布的单点概率公式。

答题过程

展开

Let XX be the number of sales in 1414 calls. Then

XB(14,0.2).X\sim\operatorname{B}(14,0.2).

Therefore,

P(X=2)=(142)(0.2)2(0.8)12=0.250138=0.2501.\begin{align*} P(X=2)=&\,\binom{14}{2}(0.2)^2(0.8)^{12}\\[2mm] =&\,0.250138\ldots\\[2mm] =&\,\boxed{0.2501}. \end{align*}

(a)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

25 次通话中的成交次数同样服从二项分布。题目要求“超过 3 次”,即 P(X>3)P(X>3);计算其补事件 P(X3)P(X\leqslant 3) 更简洁。

答题过程

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Let XX be the number of sales in 2525 calls. Then

XB(25,0.2).X\sim\operatorname{B}(25,0.2).

Hence,

P(X>3)=1P(X3)=10.233993=0.766006=0.766.\begin{align*} P(X>3)=&\,1-P(X\leqslant 3)\\[2mm] =&\,1-0.233993\ldots\\[2mm] =&\,0.766006\ldots\\[2mm] =&\,\boxed{0.766}. \end{align*}

Equivalently, the cumulative probability being subtracted is

P(X3)=r=03(25r)(0.2)r×(0.8)25r.\begin{align*} P(X\leqslant 3)=&\,\sum_{r=0}^{3}\binom{25}{r}(0.2)^r\\[2mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}\times(0.8)^{25-r}. \end{align*}

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

每天 nn 次通话的成交次数服从 B(n,0.2)\operatorname{B}(n,0.2),其期望为 np=0.2nnp=0.2n。将“至少为 6”写成不等式,并取满足条件的最小整数。

答题过程

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Let YY be the number of sales in one day. Then

YB(n,0.2)Y\sim\operatorname{B}(n,0.2)

and

E(Y)=0.2n.E(Y)=0.2n.

We require

0.2n6,n30.\begin{align*} 0.2n\geqslant&\,6,\\[2mm] n\geqslant&\,30. \end{align*}

Therefore, the minimum value is

n=30.\boxed{n=30}.

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

“至少成交 1 次”的补事件是“一次也没有成交”。一天内没有成交的概率为 0.8n0.8^n,因此先把条件化为 0.8n<0.050.8^n<0.05,再取对数求整数下界。由于 ln0.8<0\ln 0.8<0,相除时不等号方向要反转。

答题过程

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We require

P(Y1)>0.95.P(Y\geqslant 1)>0.95.

Using the complementary event,

1P(Y=0)>0.95,1(0.8)n>0.95,(0.8)n<0.05.\begin{align*} 1-P(Y=0)>&\,0.95,\\[2mm] 1-(0.8)^n>&\,0.95,\\[2mm] (0.8)^n<&\,0.05. \end{align*}

Taking logarithms, and noting that ln0.8<0\ln 0.8<0,

nln0.8<ln0.05,n>ln0.05ln0.8>13.425\begin{align*} n\ln 0.8<&\,\ln 0.05,\\[2mm] n>&\,\frac{\ln 0.05}{\ln 0.8}\\[2mm] >&\,13.425\ldots \end{align*}

Since nn must be an integer, the minimum possible value is

n=14.\boxed{n=14}.

Indeed,

0.813=0.05497>0.050.8^{13}=0.05497\ldots>0.05

but

0.814=0.04398<0.05,0.8^{14}=0.04398\ldots<0.05,

which confirms that 1414 is the minimum.