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S2 2023 Oct Q1

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2023 Oct Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

Sam is a telephone sales representative. For each call to a customer

• Sam either makes a sale or does not make a sale

• sales are made independently

Past records show that, for each call to a customer, the probability that Sam makes a sale is 0.2

(a) Find the probability that Sam makes

(i) exactly 2 sales in 14 calls,

(ii) more than 3 sales in 25 calls.

(4)

Sam makes nn calls each day.

(b) Find the minimum value of nn

(i) so that the expected number of sales each day is at least 6

(2)

(ii) so that the probability of at least 1 sale in a randomly selected day exceeds 0.95

(4)

(Total for Question 1 is 10 marks)

题目中文翻译

山姆是一名电话销售代表。对于给客户的每次通话

• 山姆要么成交要么未成交

• 销售是独立进行的

过去的记录显示,对于给客户的每次通话,山姆成交的概率为 0.2

(a) 求山姆在以下情况成交的概率

(i) 在 14 次通话中恰好成交 2 次,

(ii) 在 25 次通话中成交超过 3 次。

(4)

山姆每天打 nn 次电话。

(b) 求最小的 nn 值

(i) 使得每天的预期成交数至少为 6

(2)

(ii) 使得随机选择的一天中至少成交 1 次的概率超过 0.95

(4)

(第 1 题共 10 分)

解答

(a)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

每次通话是否成交相互独立,而且每次成交概率固定为 0.20.2,所以 14 次通话中的成交次数服从二项分布。要求恰好成交 2 次,直接使用二项分布的单点概率公式。

答题过程

展开

Let XX be the number of sales in 1414 calls. Then

X∼B⁡(14,0.2).X\sim\operatorname{B}(14,0.2).

Therefore,

 P(X=2) =(142)(0.2)2(0.8)12 =0.250138… ≈0.2501.\begin{align*} &\,P(X=2)\\[2mm] &\,=\binom{14}{2}(0.2)^2(0.8)^{12}\\[2mm] &\,=0.250138\ldots\\[2mm] &\,\approx\boxed{0.2501}. \end{align*}

(a)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

25 次通话中的成交次数同样服从二项分布。题目要求“超过 3 次”,即 P(X>3)P(X>3);计算其补事件 P(X⩽3)P(X\leqslant 3) 更简洁。

答题过程

展开

Let XX be the number of sales in 2525 calls. Then

X∼B⁡(25,0.2).X\sim\operatorname{B}(25,0.2).

Hence,

 P(X>3) =1−P(X⩽3) =1−0.233993… =0.766006… ≈0.766.\begin{align*} &\,P(X>3)\\[2mm] &\,=1-P(X\leqslant 3)\\[2mm] &\,=1-0.233993\ldots\\[2mm] &\,=0.766006\ldots\\[2mm] &\,\approx\boxed{0.766}. \end{align*}

Equivalently, the cumulative probability being subtracted is

 P(X⩽3) =∑r=03(25r)(0.2)r ×(0.8)25−r.\begin{align*} &\,P(X\leqslant 3)\\[2mm] &\,=\sum_{r=0}^{3}\binom{25}{r}(0.2)^r\\[2mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}\times(0.8)^{25-r}. \end{align*}

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

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每天 nn 次通话的成交次数服从 B⁡(n,0.2)\operatorname{B}(n,0.2),其期望为 np=0.2nnp=0.2n。将“至少为 6”写成不等式,并取满足条件的最小整数。

答题过程

展开

Let YY be the number of sales in one day. Then

Y∼B⁡(n,0.2)Y\sim\operatorname{B}(n,0.2)

and

E(Y)=0.2n.E(Y)=0.2n.

We require

0.2n⩾ 6,n⩾ 30.\begin{align*} 0.2n\geqslant&\,6,\\[2mm] n\geqslant&\,30. \end{align*}

Therefore, the minimum value is

n=30.\boxed{n=30}.

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

“至少成交 1 次”的补事件是“一次也没有成交”。一天内没有成交的概率为 0.8n0.8^n,因此先把条件化为 0.8n<0.050.8^n<0.05,再取对数求整数下界。由于 ln⁡0.8<0\ln 0.8<0,相除时不等号方向要反转。

答题过程

展开

We require

P(Y⩾1)>0.95.P(Y\geqslant 1)>0.95.

Using the complementary event,

1−P(Y=0)> 0.95,1−(0.8)n> 0.95,(0.8)n< 0.05.\begin{align*} 1-P(Y=0)>&\,0.95,\\[2mm] 1-(0.8)^n>&\,0.95,\\[2mm] (0.8)^n<&\,0.05. \end{align*}

Taking logarithms, and noting that ln⁡0.8<0\ln 0.8<0,

nln⁡0.8< ln⁡0.05,n> ln⁡0.05ln⁡0.8> 13.425…\begin{align*} n\ln 0.8<&\,\ln 0.05,\\[2mm] n>&\,\frac{\ln 0.05}{\ln 0.8}\\[2mm] >&\,13.425\ldots \end{align*}

Since nn must be an integer, the minimum possible value is

n=14.\boxed{n=14}.

Indeed,

0.813=0.05497…>0.050.8^{13}=0.05497\ldots>0.05

but

0.814=0.04398…<0.05,0.8^{14}=0.04398\ldots<0.05,

which confirms that 1414 is the minimum.