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IAL 2024 Jan S2 Q1

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2024 Jan Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

The manager of a supermarket is investigating the number of complaints per day received from customers.

A random sample of 180 days is taken and the results are shown in the table below.

Number of complaints per day01234567 or more
Frequency122837382917190

(a) Calculate the mean and the variance of these data.

(3)

(b) Explain why the results in part (a) suggest that a Poisson distribution may be a suitable model for the number of complaints per day.

(1)

The manager uses a Poisson distribution with mean 3 to model the number of complaints per day.

(c) For a randomly selected day find, using the manager’s model, the probability that there are

(i) at least 3 complaints,

(ii) more than 4 complaints but less than 8 complaints.

(4)

A week consists of 7 consecutive days.

(d) Using the manager’s model and a suitable approximation, show that the probability that there are less than 19 complaints in a randomly selected week is 0.29 to 2 decimal places.

Show your working clearly.

(Solutions relying on calculator technology are not acceptable.)

(5)

A period of 13 weeks is selected at random.

(e) Find the probability that in this period there are exactly 5 weeks that have less than 19 complaints.

Show your working clearly.

(3)

(Total for Question 1 is 16 marks)

题目中文翻译

超市经理正在调查每天收到的客户投诉数量。

随机抽取 180 天作为样本,结果如下表所示。

每天投诉数01234567 或以上
频数122837382917190

(a) 计算这些数据的均值和方差。

(b) 解释为什么 (a) 中的结果表明泊松分布可能是每天投诉数的合适模型。

经理使用均值为 3 的泊松分布来建模每天的投诉数。

(c) 对于随机选择的一天,使用经理的模型求以下情况的概率

(i) 至少 3 次投诉,

(ii) 超过 4 次但少于 8 次投诉。

一周由 7 个连续天组成。

(d) 使用经理的模型和合适的近似方法,证明在随机选择的一周内投诉数少于 19 次的概率为 0.29(保留 2 位小数)。

清楚地展示你的计算过程。 (依赖计算器技术的解答不可接受。)

随机选择一个 13 周的时间段。

(e) 求在此期间恰好有 5 周的投诉数少于 19 次的概率。

清楚地展示你的计算过程。

(第 1 题共 16 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

用频数表计算 fx\sum fxfx2\sum fx^2。样本中“7 或以上”的频数为 0,不影响计算。均值为 fx/180\sum fx/180,数据方差按 fx2/180xˉ2\sum fx^2/180-\bar{x}^2 计算。

答题过程

展开

From the frequency table,

fx=1(28)+2(37)+3(38)+4(29)+5(17)+6(19)=531,\begin{align*} \sum fx=&\,1(28)+2(37)+3(38)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+4(29)+5(17)+6(19)\\ =&\,531, \end{align*}

and

fx2=12(28)+22(37)+32(38)+42(29)+52(17)+62(19)=2091.\begin{align*} \sum fx^2=&\,1^2(28)+2^2(37)+3^2(38)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+4^2(29)+5^2(17)+6^2(19)\\ =&\,2091. \end{align*}

Therefore,

xˉ=531180=2.95,\bar{x}=\frac{531}{180}=\boxed{2.95},

and

Var(X)=2091180(2.95)2=2.914166=2.91(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} \operatorname{Var}(X)=&\,\frac{2091}{180}-(2.95)^2\\ =&\,2.914166\ldots\\ =&\,\boxed{2.91}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

泊松分布的均值与方差相等。比较 (a) 的两个统计量:2.952.952.912.91 十分接近,因此数据具备泊松模型应有的特征。

答题过程

展开

The sample mean, 2.952.95, is close to the sample variance, 2.912.91. Since a Poisson distribution has equal mean and variance, a Poisson model may be suitable.

(c)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

经理的模型是均值为 3 的泊松分布。“至少 3 次”用补事件表示为 1 减去不超过 2 次的概率。

答题过程

展开

Let WW be the number of complaints on a randomly selected day. Then

WPo(3).W\sim\operatorname{Po}(3).

Hence

P(W3)=1P(W2)=0.5768=0.577(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(W\geqslant3)=&\,1-P(W\leqslant2)\\ =&\,0.5768\ldots\\ =&\,\boxed{0.577}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}

(c)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

“超过 4 次但少于 8 次”对应 W=5,6,7W=5,6,7。用两个累积概率之差 P(W7)P(W4)P(W\leqslant7)-P(W\leqslant4) 计算。

答题过程

展开 P(4<W<8)=P(W7)P(W4)=0.1728=0.173(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(4<W<8)=&\,P(W\leqslant7)-P(W\leqslant4)\\ =&\,0.1728\ldots\\ =&\,\boxed{0.173}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

一周投诉总数是 7 个独立 Po(3)\operatorname{Po}(3) 变量之和,因此精确服从 Po(21)\operatorname{Po}(21)。题目要求使用合适的近似方法,所以用均值和方差均为 21 的正态分布近似;“少于 19”即离散变量不超过 18,连续性修正后的边界为 18.5。

答题过程

展开

Let SS be the total number of complaints in one week. Then

SPo(7×3)=Po(21).S\sim\operatorname{Po}(7\times3)=\operatorname{Po}(21).

Using a normal approximation,

SX,XN(21,21).S\approx X, \qquad X\sim\operatorname{N}(21,21).

Since fewer than 19 complaints means S18S\leqslant18, applying a continuity correction gives

P(S<19)P(X<18.5)=P(Z<18.52121)=P(Z<0.5455)=0.2927=0.29(2 d.p.).\begin{align*} P(S<19)\approx&\,P(X<18.5)\\ =&\,P\left(Z<\frac{18.5-21}{\sqrt{21}}\right)\\ =&\,P(Z<-0.5455\ldots)\\ =&\,0.2927\ldots\\ =&\,\boxed{0.29}\quad\text{(2 d.p.)}. \end{align*}

(e)

解法一

思路

展开

由 (d),一周投诉少于 19 次的概率按题目要求取 0.290.29。把 13 周视为独立二项试验,求恰好 5 周满足条件的点概率。

答题过程

展开

Let YY be the number of weeks with fewer than 19 complaints. Using the result from part (d),

YB(13,0.29).Y\sim\operatorname{B}(13,0.29).

Therefore,

P(Y=5)=(135)(0.29)5(0.71)8=0.170465=0.170(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(Y=5)=&\,\binom{13}{5}(0.29)^5(0.71)^8\\ =&\,0.170465\ldots\\ =&\,\boxed{0.170}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}