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IAL 2024 Jan S2 Q3

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2024 Jan Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

Rowan believes that 35% of type A vacuum tubes shatter when exposed to alternating high and low temperatures.

Rowan takes a random sample of 15 of these type A vacuum tubes and uses a two-tailed test, at the 5% level of significance, to test his belief.

(a) Give two assumptions, in context, that Rowan needs to make for a binomial distribution to be a suitable model for the number of these type A vacuum tubes that shatter when exposed to alternating high and low temperatures.

(2)

(b) Using a binomial distribution, find the critical region for the test.

You should state the probability of rejection in each tail, which should be as close as possible to 0.025

(3)

(c) Find the actual level of significance of the test based on your critical region from part (b)

(1)

Rowan records that in the latest batch of 15 type A vacuum tubes exposed to alternating high and low temperatures, 4 of them shattered.

(d) With reference to part (b), comment on Rowan’s belief. Give a reason for your answer.

(1)

Rowan changes to type B vacuum tubes. He takes a random sample of 40 type B vacuum tubes and finds that 8 of them shatter when exposed to alternating high and low temperatures.

(e) Test, at the 5% level of significance, whether or not there is evidence that the proportion of type B vacuum tubes that shatter when exposed to alternating high and low temperatures is lower than 35%.

You should state your hypotheses clearly.

(5)

(Total for Question 3 is 12 marks)

题目中文翻译

罗文认为 35% 的 A 型真空管在交替高低温环境下会破裂。

罗文随机抽取 15 个 A 型真空管作为样本,并使用双尾检验在 5% 的显著性水平下检验他的假设。

(a) 给出罗文需要做的两个假设(在上下文中),以便二项分布能成为在交替高低温环境下破裂的 A 型真空管数量的合适模型。

(b) 使用二项分布,求该检验的临界区域。

你应说明每个尾部的拒绝概率,该概率应尽可能接近 0.025

(c) 根据 (b) 中的临界区域,求该检验的实际显著性水平

罗文记录在最新一批 15 个暴露于交替高低温环境下的 A 型真空管中,有 4 个破裂。

(d) 参考 (b),评论罗文的假设。给出你答案的理由。

罗文改为 B 型真空管。他随机抽取 40 个 B 型真空管作为样本,发现其中 8 个在交替高低温环境下破裂。

(e) 在 5% 的显著性水平下,检验是否有证据表明在交替高低温环境下破裂的 B 型真空管比例低于 35%。

你应清楚地陈述你的假设。

(第 3 题共 12 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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二项模型要求固定次数的试验、每次只有破裂或不破裂两种结果、各次相互独立,而且成功概率保持不变。题目已固定抽取 15 个并定义了两种结果,因此需要结合真空管语境说明独立性与恒定破裂概率。

答题过程

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  • Whether one type A vacuum tube shatters is independent of whether any other tube shatters.
  • Each type A vacuum tube has the same constant probability of shattering under the alternating temperatures.

(b)

解法一

思路

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在 Rowan 的看法成立时,破裂数服从 B(15,0.35)\operatorname{B}(15,0.35)。双尾检验分别在上下尾寻找不超过 0.0250.025 且尽可能接近它的累积概率,并把对应的破裂数写成临界区域,而不能把临界区域写成概率事件本身。

答题过程

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Let CC be the number of type A vacuum tubes that shatter. Under Rowan’s belief,

CB(15,0.35).C\sim\operatorname{B}(15,0.35).

For the lower tail,

P(C1)=0.0142,P(C2)=0.0617.P(C\leqslant1)=0.0142, \qquad P(C\leqslant2)=0.0617.

For the upper tail,

P(C10)=0.0124,P(C9)=0.0422.P(C\geqslant10)=0.0124, \qquad P(C\geqslant9)=0.0422.

These are the closest tail probabilities to 0.0250.025 without exceeding it. Hence the critical region is

C1orC10.\boxed{C\leqslant1\quad\text{or}\quad C\geqslant10}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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双尾检验的实际显著性水平是原假设成立时落入整个临界区域的概率,因此把 (b) 的两个尾概率相加。

答题过程

展开 P(reject H0)=P(C1)+P(C10)=0.0142+0.0124=0.0266.\begin{align*} P(\text{reject }H_0)=&\,P(C\leqslant1)+P(C\geqslant10)\\ =&\,0.0142+0.0124\\ =&\,\boxed{0.0266}. \end{align*}

Thus the actual significance level is 2.66%2.66\%.

(d)

解法一

思路

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把观测值 4 与 (b) 的临界区域比较。4 既不小于等于 1,也不大于等于 10,因此不拒绝 Rowan 关于比例为 0.350.35 的看法;注意“不拒绝”不等于证明其看法正确。

答题过程

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Since 4 is not in the critical region, there is no evidence to reject Rowan’s belief that 35%35\% of type A vacuum tubes shatter under the alternating temperatures.

(e)

解法一

思路

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要检验 B 型真空管的破裂比例是否低于 35%35\%,应使用左尾二项检验。写出关于总体比例 pp 的假设,在原假设下求观察到 8 个或更少破裂的概率,再与 5%5\% 比较并作出有语境的结论。

答题过程

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Let pp be the proportion of type B vacuum tubes that shatter under the alternating temperatures.

H0:p=0.35,H1:p<0.35.H_0:p=0.35, \qquad H_1:p<0.35.

Under H0H_0, let BB be the number that shatter. Then

BB(40,0.35).B\sim\operatorname{B}(40,0.35).

The pp-value is

P(B8)=0.0303.P(B\leqslant8)=0.0303.

Since 0.0303<0.050.0303<0.05, reject H0H_0. There is sufficient evidence, at the 5%5\% significance level, that the proportion of type B vacuum tubes that shatter under the alternating temperatures is lower than 35%35\%.