题目
A meteor shower occurs for several weeks every summer. One Monday night during this meteor shower, Chris goes out to look for meteors and sees an average of 15 meteors per hour.
(a) Find the probability that in a random 20-minute period of time on this Monday night Chris sees
(i) at least 6 meteors,
(ii) no more than 3 meteors.
Chris is told by the local astronomy club that there will be more meteors to be seen per hour on the following Friday night than on Monday night.
Chris decides to use data from the Friday night to test, at a 5% significance level, if there is evidence to support the claim of the local astronomy club.
Chris plans to spend 30 minutes looking for meteors on the Friday night.
(b) Write down suitable null and alternative hypotheses that Chris can use.
(c) Find the critical region for the test and state its associated probability.
On the Friday night, Chris sees 12 meteors in the 30 minutes.
(d) State the conclusion to the test that can be made using this observation. Give a reason for your answer.
(Total for Question 5 is 10 marks)
题目中文翻译
每年夏天会有几周的流星雨。在这个流星雨期间的一个周一晚上,Chris 出去看流星,平均每小时看到 15 颗流星。
(a) 求在这个周一晚上的随机 20 分钟内,Chris 看到以下情况的概率
(i) 至少 6 颗流星,
(ii) 不超过 3 颗流星。
Chris 从当地天文俱乐部得知,下周五晚上每小时能看到的流星比周一晚上多。
Chris 决定使用周五晚上的数据在 5% 的显著性水平下检验是否有证据支持当地天文俱乐部的声明。
Chris 计划在周五晚上花 30 分钟看流星。
(b) 写出 Chris 可以使用的合适原假设和备择假设。
(c) 求此检验的临界区域并说明其关联概率。
在周五晚上,Chris 在 30 分钟内看到了 12 颗流星。
(d) 说明可以使用此观察结果得出的检验结论。给出你的理由。
(第 5 题共 10 分)
解答
(a)(i)
解法一
思路
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在固定时段内出现的流星数可用泊松分布建模。每小时平均 15 颗,因此 20 分钟内的平均数为 。“至少 6 颗”是上尾事件,可利用补事件计算。
答题过程
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Let be the number of meteors seen in 20 minutes. Then
Therefore,
(a)(ii)
解法一
思路
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“不超过 3 颗”直接对应泊松分布的累积概率 。
答题过程
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Using ,
(b)
解法一
思路
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令 表示周五晚上每小时可见流星数的平均值。原假设采用周一的平均值 15;俱乐部声称平均数增加,因此备择假设为右尾形式。
答题过程
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Let be the mean number of meteors seen per hour on Friday night. Suitable hypotheses are
(c)
解法一
思路
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在原假设下,30 分钟内的平均流星数为 7.5。由于备择假设检验平均数是否增加,临界区域位于分布的上尾。检查相邻的整数边界,选择上尾概率首次不超过 0.05 的起点,并把该上尾概率作为关联概率。
答题过程
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Let be the number of meteors seen in 30 minutes. Under ,
For the upper tail,
whereas
Hence the critical region and its associated probability are
(d)
解法一
思路
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把观测值 12 与 (c) 的临界区域比较。由于 12 没有落入临界区域,所以不能拒绝原假设;结论必须回到“周五可见流星的平均数是否增加”这一语境。
答题过程
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The observed value is , which is not in the critical region . Therefore, is not rejected.
There is insufficient evidence, at the 5% significance level, to support the astronomy club’s claim that the mean number of meteors seen per hour has increased.
解法二
思路
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也可直接计算观测值对应的右尾概率。若这个 -值大于显著性水平 0.05,则观测结果不够极端,不能拒绝原假设。
答题过程
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The -value is
Since , is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean number of meteors seen per hour has increased.